Cells

• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms
• Cells can be classified into two main types: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryotic cells:

  • Do not have a nucleus
  • Have a simple structure
  • Examples include bacteria
• Eukaryotic cells:

  • Have a nucleus that houses the genetic material
  • Have membrane-bound organelles
  • Examples include plant and animal cells
• Cell organelles:

  • Nucleus: contains genetic material
  • Mitochondria: produces energy through cellular respiration
  • Chloroplasts: found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis
  • Endoplasmic reticulum: involved in protein and lipid synthesis
  • Golgi apparatus: packages and transports proteins
  • Vacuoles: store water and nutrients
  • Ribosomes: involved in protein synthesis
  • Cell membrane: controls what enters and exits the cell
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions from DNA.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration.
• The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and sorts them for delivery to various parts of the cell.
• The endoplasmic reticulum helps fold proteins, maintains calcium balance, and produces lipids.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that determines an organism's characteristics.
• The mitochondrion generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the chemical energy currency of cells.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plants and some algae, where they carry out photosynthesis.
• Cell membranes regulate what enters and exits the cell, maintain internal conditions, and allow communication between cells.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using instructions provided by DNA.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials within the cell.
• Centrosome: Organizes microtubules during mitosis and cytokinesis.
• Cilia and flagella are hair-like structures on the surface of some cells that move substances into or out of the cell.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes used by the cell to break down waste materials or damaged components.
• Cilia and flagella are hairlike structures on the surface of some eukaryotic cells that move substances or propel the cell itself.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, pigments, and wastes within plant cells.
• Golgi apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins to their destinations within the cell.