PAPER 1 - MED IN BRITAIN

• What did many people believe about illness in relation to God?

  Illness was God's punishment for sins
• How did people seek to recover from illness according to their beliefs?

  Through prayer and repentance
• What was one method used to repent bad deeds?

  Flagellation
• What did people believe about supernatural spirits and illness?

  Spirits could cause illnesses
• What practice was used to expel spirits from the body?

  Exorcisms
• How did doctors diagnose diseases in medieval times?

  Using star signs and almanacs
• What did the church promote regarding the cause of illness?

  Illness was supernatural in origin
• What was considered the most important treatment by Christians?

  Prayers
• What did Christians do in hopes of recovering from illness?

  Go on pilgrimages to relics
• Who was allowed to be dissected according to the church?

  Criminals who had been executed
• What was the consequence of the church's dissection policy?

  Galen's mistaken beliefs about anatomy persisted
• What happened to ancient medical texts after the Roman Empire fell?

  Many were lost
• Who tried to preserve medical texts during the Middle Ages?

  Monks
• What led to questioning the church's reliance on old books?

  People began to question disease origins
• What did Christians believe was their duty regarding the sick?

  To help the sick
• What were monasteries known for in terms of hygiene?

  Having clean water and good sewage
• Who funded hospitals during medieval times?

  The church or aristocratic patrons
• Who usually oversaw hospitals in medieval times?

  Priests
• What type of care was most medicine focused on during medieval times?

  Palliative care
• What were "lazar houses" used for?

  Isolating people with leprosy
• When was Hippocrates born?

  460 BC
• What did Hippocrates support in terms of treatment?

  Using natural treatments
• What theory did Hippocrates develop?

  The 4 humours theory
• What is clinical observation?

  Independently observing and deducing patient issues
• What oath do doctors take today that relates to Hippocrates?

  The Hippocratic oath
• What was necessary for a person to be healthy according to the 4 humours theory?

  Balanced humours
• What is yellow bile associated with?

  Summer and fire
• How did doctors remedy an imbalance of yellow bile?

  By forcing patients to vomit
• What is black bile associated with?

  Autumn and earth
• What was a common remedy for black bile imbalance?

  Giving laxatives and more vegetables
• What is blood associated with?

  Spring and air
• How did doctors remedy a blood imbalance?

  By bloodletting or diet changes
• What is phlegm associated with?

  Winter and water
• What was a remedy for phlegm imbalance?

  Breathing steam or eating watery vegetables
• What did Galen believe about the 4 humours theory?

  He supported it
• What did Galen think about blood circulation?

  Blood was absorbed by the body
• How did Galen advance the 4 humours theory?

  Through his theory of opposites
• What did Galen believe about treating humours?

  Opposite treatments could rebalance them
• Why did the church support Galen's ideas?

  He believed in monotheism
• What was frowned upon regarding Galen's ideas?

  Questioning them