GENCHEM

• Chemistry is the study of matter, including its properties, composition, and transformations
• Matter includes both living and nonliving things, such as plants, animals, rocks, air, and bacteria
• Particles composing matter are atoms, molecules, and ions
• Atoms are the smallest particles and are composed of atoms
• Molecules are particles with charges
• Ions are particles with charges
• Properties of matter are distinguishing characteristics used in identification and description
• Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the basic identity and composition of the substance
• Chemical properties describe how a substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance
• Examples of physical properties include mass, color, volume, malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and boiling point
• Examples of chemical properties include flammability and susceptibility to corrosion
• Extensive properties change their value when the amount of matter changes, while intensive properties do not change their value with the amount of matter
• Examples of extensive properties are mass and volume, while examples of intensive properties are color, temperature, density, and solubility
• Pure substances are composed of only one component, while mixtures are composed of several components
• Examples of pure substances include table sugar, table salt, oxygen gas, and elements like iron, gold, and mercury
• Examples of mixtures include iodized salt, brown sugar, soft drinks, and human breath
• Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition and exhibit the same properties throughout, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition and properties that vary in different parts
• Methods of separating mixtures include hand sorting, sieving, filtration, magnetic separation, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography
• Hand sorting involves picking substances out by hand and is useful for small quantities
• Sieving separates components based on size differences
• Filtration separates insoluble solids from liquids
• Magnetic separation uses magnets to attract magnetic materials
• Evaporation separates soluble solids from liquids by driving off the liquid components
• Distillation separates components based on different boiling points
• Chromatography is suitable for separating different colored dyes based on their solubility
• Chemistry is the study of matter, including its properties, composition, and transformations
• Matter includes both living and nonliving things that can be seen, such as plants, animals, rocks, as well as things that cannot be seen, like air and bacteria
• Particles composing matter are atoms, molecules, and ions
• Atoms are the smallest particles and are composed of atoms
• Molecules are particles with charges
• Ions are particles with charges
• Properties are distinguishing characteristics of a substance used in its identification and description
• Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the basic identity and composition of the substance
• Chemical properties describe the way a substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance
• Examples of physical properties:

  • Gallium melts at 30 degrees
  • Mercury is a very dense liquid
  • Gold is shiny

  <|>Examples of chemical properties:

  • Iron metal rusts
  • A green banana turns yellow when it ripens
  • A dry piece of paper burns

  <|>Extensive properties change their value when the amount of matter or substance is changed
• Intensive properties do not change their value when the amount of matter or substance is changed
• Examples of extensive properties:

  • Mass, volume

  <|>Examples of intensive properties:

  • Color, temperature, density, solubility

  <|>Pure substances are composed of only one component, while mixtures are composed of several components
• Elements are pure substances made up of only one kind of atoms
• Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms
• Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition and exhibit the same properties in different parts of the mixture