FINALS

• What is the Latin origin of the word inflammation?

  Inflammare - to set in fire
• What is inflammation primarily considered?

  A protective and defensive reaction
• What is the main cause of any inflammatory reaction?

  An irritant or foreign agent
• What happens to blood vessels during inflammation?

  Excess blood is brought to the irritated area
• What are the three main processes involved in inflammation?

  1. Dilute irritant
  2. Localized effect
  3. Destroy completely
• Who identified the cardinal signs of inflammation?

  Aurelius Cornelius Celsus
• What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

  • Redness (Rubor)
  • Swelling (Tumor)
  • Heat (Calor)
  • Pain (Dolor)
  • Loss of Function (Functiolaesa)
• What causes redness (Rubor) during inflammation?

  Hyperemia or dilation of blood vessels
• What does swelling (Tumor) indicate in inflammation?

  Accumulation of fluid in the irritated area
• What is the cause of heat (Calor) in an inflamed area?

  Delivery of warm blood to the irritated area
• What causes pain (Dolor) during inflammation?

  Stimulation of nerve endings by inflammatory mediators
• How does fluid accumulation affect tissue during inflammation?

  It causes stretching and pressure in the tissue
• What does loss of function (Functiolaesa) indicate in inflammation?

  Inhibited movement due to pain and swelling
• What are the major changes during the inflammatory process?

  1. Vascular changes: hyperemia, endothelial reaction, increased permeability
  2. Exudative changes: fluid, cells, cellular debris
  3. Proliferative changes: neovascularization, fibroplasia
• What is hyperemia in the context of inflammation?

  Dilation of capillaries or blood vessels
• What is increased capillary permeability associated with?

  Fluid and cells leaking into tissues
• What does the exudative phase of inflammation involve?

  Fluid, antibodies, and cellular debris accumulation
• What is neovascularization in the inflammatory process?

  Formation of new capillary buds
• What role do fibroblasts play in the proliferative phase of inflammation?

  They produce collagen fibers for healing
• What is fibroplasia during the inflammatory process?

  Formation of new fibroblasts
• What are exudates?

  Inflammatory fluids
• What is the consistency of exudates?

  Viscous consistency
• What is the inflammatory cell count in exudates?

  ↑ inflammatory cells
• What are transudates?

  Non-inflammatory fluids
• What is the consistency of transudates?

  Water consistency
• What is the inflammatory cell count in transudates?

  ↓ inflammatory cells
• What type of exudate is present in exudative inflammation?

  Exudate is present
• What type of exudate is present in serous inflammation?

  Serous exudate is present
• What is present in purulent (suppurative) inflammation?

  Pus exudate is present
• What type of exudate is present in fibrinous inflammation?

  Fibrin exudate is present
• What characterizes mucopurulent inflammation?

  Copious discharge of mucus & debris
• What is present in diphtheritic inflammation?

  Fibrin exudate is present
• What type of cells predominate in granulomatous inflammation?

  Macrophages predominate
• What does interstitial inflammation affect?

  Affects stroma between cells
• What does parenchymatous inflammation affect?

  Affects essential tissue element of organ
• What is formed in pseudomembranous inflammation?

  False membrane is formed
• What characterizes mucoid inflammation?

  Mucus & inflammatory leukocytes present
• What is present in eosinophilic inflammation?

  Eosinophils are present
• What characterizes non-suppurative inflammation?

  No pus, lymphocytes predominate
• What is present in hemorrhagic inflammation?

  High RBC, purpuric hemorrhages