breast

• What is the first-line management for mastitis if the woman is systemically well?

  Analgesia and continuing breastfeeding
• What are the symptoms of lymphoedema following breast surgery?

  Swelling, joint stiffness, arm weakness, skin changes
• What is a potential complication of puerperal mastitis?

  Abscess
• How is an abscess from puerperal mastitis managed?

  Incision and drainage by surgeons
• What does lymphoedema present with after axillary node removal?

  Swelling of the arm without erythema
• What symptoms may patients with a breast cyst report?

  Pain, tenderness, fluctuation in lesion size
• What does duct ectasia commonly cause?

  Green or blood-stained nipple discharge and pain
• What is the management for persistent symptoms of duct ectasia?

  Microdochectomy
• What are the symptoms of puerperal mastitis?

  Breast pain, redness, and fever
• How is cyclical mastalgia managed if symptoms do not improve?

  Referral to a breast specialist for pharmacological management
• What is the treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer?

  Trastuzumab
• What should be considered in cases of suspected mastitis?

  Continue breastfeeding and consider antibiotic therapy
• What is required for women aged 30 and above with an unexplained breast lump?

  A 2-week-wait referral for further assessment
• How is mastitis in breastfeeding women best managed?

  By continuing to breastfeed correctly
• Why is trastuzumab used for HER2-receptor-positive breast cancer?

  It binds to the extracellular domain of the receptor
• What syndrome can develop after axillary lymph node clearance surgery?

  Axillary Web Syndrome
• How should a breast abscess in a breastfeeding woman be managed if oral antibiotics fail?

  With incision and drainage
• What is an intraductal papilloma?

  A benign breast lesion causing blood-tinged discharge
• What antibiotic should a penicillin-allergic patient with suspected lactational mastitis receive?

  Erythromycin
• What condition is likely in a woman with a tender, red, hot, swollen breast and fever after giving birth?

  Puerperal mastitis
• What should patients with a history of fibrocystic breast disease undergo?

  Regular imaging for monitoring
• What is the most common cause of unilateral, spontaneous, blood-stained nipple discharge in young women?

  Intraductal papilloma
• What is the most common cause of unilateral, blood-stained nipple discharge in perimenopausal women?

  Intraductal papilloma
• What does axillary lymphadenopathy often suggest in women?

  Breast cancer as the primary malignancy
• What characterizes an intraductal papilloma histologically?

  A fibrovascular core surrounded by epithelial cells
• What is an effective aromatase inhibitor for managing oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer?

  Anastrozole
• What is recommended for women under 30 presenting with a breast lump?

  Routine referral to a breast clinic
• What does whole breast radiotherapy do after breast-conserving surgery?

  Reduces the risk of recurrence
• What is the first-line treatment for infective mastitis?

  Flucloxacillin
• What is recommended for triple-negative breast cancer with lymph node involvement?

  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery
• How does invasive ductal carcinoma typically present?

  Painless, firm, irregular lump
• How is fat necrosis of the breast managed?

  Conservatively with observation
• What symptoms can candida of the nipple present with postpartum?

  Itchy, flaky skin and pain
• What is required for unilateral bloody nipple discharge in post-menopausal women?

  A two-week wait referral for triple assessment
• What is the definitive treatment for a breast abscess?

  Incision and drainage (I&D)
• What is a common side effect of tamoxifen?

  Hot flushes
• What assessment should women under 40 with a breast lump undergo?

  Ultrasound assessment
• What is required for triple-negative breast cancer without lymphadenopathy?

  Wide local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy
• What characterizes ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

  Abnormal cells confined to the ducts
• How does alcohol affect breast cancer risk?

  Increases risk due to estrogen levels