genitourinary

• What symptoms are caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in immunocompromised patients?

  Dry cough and breathlessness during exercise
• How can Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia be identified?

  With a silver stain
• In which patients does cryptococcal meningitis commonly occur?

  HIV patients with CD4 count below 100
• What are the common symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis?

  Headache, fever, and neurological symptoms
• What is crucial for managing HIV-associated Kaposi Sarcoma?

  Highly active antiretroviral therapy
• How does highly active antiretroviral therapy affect Kaposi Sarcoma lesions?

  It often induces regression of lesions
• What co-infection is common in individuals diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis?

  Neisseria gonorrhoea
• Why might gonorrhoea persist despite treatment for Chlamydia?

  Due to antibiotic resistance
• What are the symptoms of lymphogranuloma venereum?

  Painless genital ulcer and unilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy
• What is the typical treatment for lymphogranuloma venereum?

  Doxycycline
• How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

  Using Amsel’s criteria
• What are the components of Amsel’s criteria for bacterial vaginosis?

  Clue cells, vaginal pH >4.5, grey discharge, positive whiff test
• Who should initiate combined antiretroviral therapy?

  All individuals diagnosed with HIV
• What prophylaxis should patients with HIV and CD4 count below 200 receive?

  Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis
• What symptoms indicate the secondary stage of syphilis?

  Widespread rash, swollen lymph nodes, systemic symptoms
• What is the treatment duration for lymphogranuloma venereum?

  21 days of doxycycline
• What characterizes Molluscum contagiosum?

  Small, painless, fleshy papules with central indentation
• What are the symptoms of vulvovaginal candidiasis?

  Thick, white, odourless discharge and vulval itching
• What can untreated urethritis lead to?

  Urethral stricture
• What is the gold standard for confirming Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia?

  Bronchoalveolar lavage
• What is the most definitive investigation for Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome?

  Laparoscopy
• What is the treatment for lymphogranuloma venereum?

  21-day course of doxycycline
• What causes chancroid?

  Haemophilus ducreyi
• How does chancroid present?

  Painful genital ulcer
• What is HHV-8 associated with?

  Classical Kaposi's sarcoma
• What is the primary cause of genital herpes?

  Herpes simplex virus type 2
• What is the treatment for genital herpes?

  Oral aciclovir
• What is the relationship between Kaposi's sarcoma and HIV?

  It is a malignancy associated with HIV infection
• What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhoea?

  Ceftriaxone 1g intramuscularly
• What does a painless genital ulcer and inguinal lymphadenopathy suggest?

  Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
• What is crucial for improving outcomes in suspected Pneumocystis pneumonia?

  Co-trimoxazole therapy and corticosteroids
• What is the presentation of trichomoniasis in women?

  Vaginal discharge, dysuria, and vulval soreness
• How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?

  Via a high vaginal swab
• What is the first-line treatment for chlamydia in breastfeeding women?

  Azithromycin
• What characterizes Kaposi's sarcoma?

  Red-purple lesions
• What is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) proctitis commonly seen in?

  Sexually active homosexual males
• What is the first-line treatment for Pneumocystis pneumonia?

  Co-trimoxazole
• What does trichomoniasis present with?

  Yellow, frothy vaginal discharge
• What is the most effective emergency contraception after unprotected intercourse more than 3 days ago?

  EllaOne (ulipristal acetate)
• What does a purulent urethral discharge in a man suggest?

  A sexually transmitted infection