geris

• What condition mimics dementia symptoms in the elderly?

  Pseudo-dementia
• What often causes pseudo-dementia?

  Severe depression
• What should be managed primarily in delirium cases?

  Non-pharmacological interventions
• What triggers delirium in elderly patients?

  Infections
• What is crucial for patients with anticoagulant use and suspected intracranial haemorrhage?

  Reverse warfarin effects promptly
• What are specific reversal agents for warfarin?

  Vitamin K, prothrombin complex concentrates
• What is the preferred option for rapid tranquillisation in agitated Parkinson's patients?

  Lorazepam
• Why is Lorazepam preferred for Parkinson's patients?

  It does not worsen motor symptoms
• What is necessary for managing large symptomatic subdural haemorrhages?

  Surgical intervention
• What is Domperidone used for in Parkinson's disease patients?

  To reduce nausea
• What test is essential for patients over 50 with microcytic anaemia?

  Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)
• How does a subdural hematoma appear on imaging?

  Unilateral, hyperdense, crescent-shaped area
• What does an Advance Decision to Refuse Treatment allow a patient to do?

  Document refusal of specific treatments
• What side effect can short-term use of levodopa cause?

  Abnormal dreams
• What can diuretics cause in older adults with heart failure?

  Postural hypotension and dehydration
• What should be monitored in elderly Parkinson's patients on dopamine agonists?

  Impulsive behaviours
• What can precipitate delirium in elderly patients?

  Infections like urinary tract infections
• What is the first-line medication for delirium in elderly patients with comorbidities?

  Haloperidol
• What does a J-wave or Osborne wave on an ECG indicate?

  Hypothermia
• What is the first-line treatment for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease?

  Donepezil
• What genetic risk factor is associated with Alzheimer's disease?

  Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene
• What is the 4AT scoring tool used for?

  Identifying possible delirium
• What is a common early non-motor symptom of idiopathic Parkinson's disease?

  Olfactory loss
• How does the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease change after age 65?

  It doubles every 5 years
• What characterizes dementia with Lewy bodies?

  Cognitive decline and recurrent visual hallucinations
• What is common in elderly patients with chronic illness and corticosteroid use?

  Malnutrition
• What does Charles Bonnet syndrome present with?

  Vivid visual hallucinations
• Who has an increased risk of developing early-onset Alzheimer's disease?

  Individuals with Down's syndrome
• How does fludrocortisone help manage postural hypotension?

  Promotes sodium retention and increases blood volume
• What characterizes Charles Bonnet syndrome?

  Complex visual hallucinations in visually impaired individuals
• What is a contraindication for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?

  Bradycardia
• What does memantine do in advanced dementia management?

  Reduces symptoms and slows cognitive decline
• What condition does Charles Bonnet syndrome relate to?

  Visual loss
• What can opioids like tramadol lower in older adults?

  Seizure threshold
• What does the Mental Capacity Act assess?

  Decision-making capacity in cognitive impairments
• What is memantine indicated for?

  Severe dementia
• How much drop in systolic blood pressure is needed to diagnose postural hypotension?

  20 mmHg or more
• What can a lasting power of attorney for health and welfare do?

  Make medical decisions for a patient
• What are characteristic features of Lewy body dementia?

  Visual and auditory hallucinations
• What is midazolam effective for in end-of-life care?

  Managing agitation and restlessness