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• What is the treatment for localized renal tumors staged as T3?

  Radical nephrectomy
• What is Wilm's tumour and its typical presentation?

  Most common renal malignancy in children
• What is the first-line conservative management for urge incontinence?

  Bladder training
• Why is emergency surgical exploration required for testicular torsion?

  To restore blood flow and prevent necrosis
• What symptoms suggest cauda equina syndrome?

  Severe lower back pain and saddle anesthesia
• How does Tamsulosin help with lower urinary tract symptoms?

  It relaxes smooth muscles in the prostate
• What can happen if testicular torsion is not treated within 6 hours?

  Testicular infarction
• What is the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) used for?

  Grading severity of lower urinary tract symptoms
• What does sudden onset severe right flank pain with haematuria indicate?

  Possible struvite renal stone
• What should be considered in older males with unexplained back pain and urinary incontinence?

  Advanced prostate cancer and metastatic spinal cord compression
• What are the signs of fungal balanoposthitis in young children?

  Redness, swelling, and curdy white discharge
• Which tumor markers are associated with testicular cancer?

  AFP, β-hCG, and LDH
• How is the Gleason score calculated in prostate cancer?

  By adding the two most common cancer patterns
• What is the initial treatment for acute prostatitis?

  Oral quinolone antibiotics
• What increases the risk of testicular cancer?

  Cryptorchidism
• What is the treatment for persistent painful erections in sickle cell anemia?

  Penile aspiration and sympathomimetic agents
• What does sudden onset severe scrotal pain in a child indicate?

  Testicular torsion
• What is the leading cause of prostatitis?

  1. Coli
• What should be done for a man with raised PSA and LUTS?

  Further investigation through prostate biopsy
• What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women?

  Nitrofurantoin
• What can myoglobin release from muscle damage cause?

  Haematuria and red urine appearance
• What indicates acute urinary retention?

  Suprapubic tenderness and inability to pass urine
• How does excess caffeine affect urge incontinence?

  It can exacerbate symptoms
• What is the most common form of renal cancer?

  Clear cell renal carcinoma
• What does gradual onset of unilateral testicular pain indicate?

  Epididymo-orchitis
• How does varicocele affect fertility?

  It reduces sperm production and motility
• When is urethral catheterization necessary?

  In anticholinergic-induced urinary retention
• What is Diclofenac used for in renal colic?

  To relieve pain and reduce inflammation
• What is essential for detecting renal stones in renal colic?

  A noncontrast CT scan
• What is the initial management for chronic urinary retention in older individuals?

  Catheterisation to relieve bladder distension
• What side effect do tricyclic antidepressants cause?

  Urinary retention
• What does a hydrocele indicate?

  A benign fluid collection in the scrotum
• What does transillumination of scrotal masses suggest in infants?

  A communicating hydrocele
• What is the most prevalent subtype of bladder cancer?

  Transitional cell carcinoma
• What causes acute urinary retention in older men?

  Benign prostatic hyperplasia
• What must be ruled out before histological sampling for bladder cancer?

  Upper tract diseases through CT urogram
• What can anticholinergic medications cause in older adults?

  Urinary retention
• What are staghorn renal calculi composed of?

  Struvite stones
• What symptoms does renal colic from kidney stones cause?

  Severe loin pain, haematuria, and nausea
• What is the initial diagnostic investigation for suspected testicular cancer?

  Ultrasound of the scrotum