ophthalm

• What effect do high-dose antioxidants and zinc supplementation have on early AMD?

  They reduce the risk of progression to advanced AMD
• What is a common cause of sudden, painless vision loss in older patients?

  Central retinal vein occlusion
• What is the definitive treatment for cataracts?

  Surgical removal of the lens
• How do zinc and antioxidant vitamin supplementation affect dry AMD?

  They slow progression but do not reverse damage
• What is the typical management for proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

  Panretinal laser photocoagulation
• What are common symptoms of dry age-related macular degeneration?

  Gradual central vision loss and low light difficulty
• What is blepharitis?

  Inflammation of the eyelids
• What characterizes mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

  Presence of microaneurysms without other changes
• What indicates hypertensive retinopathy in pregnant women?

  Bilateral disc swelling and hemorrhages
• What causes herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

  Reactivation of varicella zoster virus
• What are the symptoms of episcleritis?

  Mobile, dilated vessels near the pupil
• How is hypertensive retinopathy classified?

  Into grades based on retinal changes
• What does Grade III hypertensive retinopathy indicate?

  Retinal hemorrhages and cotton wool spots
• When should oral aciclovir be initiated in herpes zoster ophthalmicus?

  Within 72 hours of rash onset
• What is arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with?

  Giant cell arteritis
• What does corneal arcus indicate?

  Hyperlipidaemia
• What is a common presentation of basal cell carcinoma in the elderly?

  Pearly margin and ulcerated center
• What indicates grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy?

  Copper or silver wiring and retinal hemorrhage
• What does a red or white reflection in a child's eye indicate?

  Possible retinoblastoma
• What are the symptoms of acute anterior uveitis?

  Painful red eye and irregular pupil shape
• What is suspected in patients with periorbital redness and high fever?

  Orbital cellulitis
• What does gradual visual loss with improved acuity with a pinhole suggest?

  Refractive error
• What are characteristic signs of thyroid eye disease?

  Lid retraction and lid lag on downgaze
• What indicates bacterial endophthalmitis after ocular surgery?

  Severe eye pain and absent red reflex
• What causes chalazia?

  Blockage of Meibomian glands
• What does sudden onset of visual floaters indicate?

  Possible retinal detachment
• What are the symptoms of primary angle closure glaucoma?

  Acute eye pain and blurred vision
• What increases the risk of retinal detachment?

  High myopia
• What causes a hordeolum?

  Staphylococcus aureus infection
• What differentiates episcleritis from scleritis?

  Episcleritis causes minimal pain
• What indicates a cluster headache?

  Unilateral headache with autonomic activation
• What imaging is used for acute optic neuritis?

  MRI head/whole spine with contrast
• What can wet macular degeneration lead to in older individuals?

  Sudden vision loss due to bleeding
• What is essential for managing blepharitis?

  Maintaining eyelid hygiene and warm compresses
• What characterizes orbital cellulitis?

  Severe ocular pain and limited eye movement
• What does herpes simplex keratitis present with?

  Dendritic ulcers on the cornea
• What is the treatment for cataracts?

  Surgical removal of the cloudy lens
• What does herpetic keratitis present with?

  Dendritic corneal lesions
• What is the first-line treatment for age-related macular degeneration?

  Intravitreal VEGF inhibitor injections
• What are the symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

  Red eyes with watery discharge and sore throat