PR1

• Acts considered as plagiarism

  Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas

  Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks

  Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
• Plagiarism


  - refers to the act of using another person's ideas, works, processes, and results without giving due credit.

  - It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a violation of intellectual property rights.
• Research Misconduct


  - includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.

  - doesn't include honest error of differences of opinion.

  - It can erode trust between researchers and funding agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.
• Privacy

  It is someone's right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
• Anonymity


  It is the protection of people's identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which the informant's name is not given nor known.
• Voluntary Explanation


  People must not be coerced into participating in the research process.Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.
• Copyright Infringement


  It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are breached by a third party
• Intellectual Property


  It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and commercial value.
• Human Rights


  They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent to all human beings.
• Human Subjects Protection

  When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
• Animal Care


  Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do Not Conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
• Legality


  Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
• Competence


  Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
• Non-discrimination


  avoid discrimination on students on the basis of sex, race,ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
• Social Responsibility


  Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harm through research, public education, and advocacy.
• Respect for Collegues


  Respect your colleagues' opinion, treat them fairly and do not outsmart others.
• Responsible Publication


  Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
• Responsible Mentoring


  Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
• Confidentiality


  Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
• Respect for Intellectual Property


  Honor patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
• Openness


  Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
• Carefulness

  Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities
• Integrity


  keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
• Objectivity


  Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
• Honesty


  It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Don't Fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
• Informed Consent


  This is required to be secure in order to protect the rights of the participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing themes informants and the schedule of one-on-one interviews at the convenient time they are available. Participationinthe study will be completely voluntary.
• Ethical Considerations in Writing a Research


  Objectivity and integrity

  Respect of the research subjects 'right to privacy and dignity and protection of subjects from personal harm

  Presentation of research findings

  Misuse of research role

  Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance

  Distortions of findings by sponsor
• Research Ethics


  are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors researchers to ensure high standards. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.
• The Seven Steps of the Research Process

  Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

  
  

  Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of RelatedLiterature)

  
  

  Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

  
  

  Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaires (for quantitative research)(Data Gathering Activities).

  
  

  Step 5. Process and analyze data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).

  
  

  Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions(for quantitative research) and recommendations.

  
  

  Step 7. Define a new problem.
• Replicability


  research design and and procedures are replicated or repeated enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
• Methodical


  conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures.
• Critical


  exhibits careful and precise judgment.
• Analytical


  utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study
• Cyclical


  a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
• Logical


  valid procedures and principles
• Empirical


  direct experience or observation by the researcher
• Importance of Researxh in Daily Life


  1.Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies and supporting the truth.

  
  

  2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment.

  
  

  3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.
• Immersion


  - researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in data gathering activities

  - data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail
• Purpose of Research

  1.To inform action.

  2. To prove or generate a theory.

  3. To augment knowledge in a field or study
• Investigation


  - Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to "inquiry"

  - a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon

  - synonymous with the word 'investigation'.

  - When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth, information, or knowledge.