Molarity is defined as the number of moles per liter of solution.
Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
W/v stands for weight of solute in volume of solvent.
V/v stands for volume of solute, volume of solution.
Colligative properties refer to the behavior of particles in a solution.
Boiling point is the temperature at which solvent turns to vapor.
Vapor pressure is inversely related to concentration.
Freezing point is the temperature at which solvent turns into a solid.
A buffer is defined as either a weak acid or weak base and its related conjugate or salt.
Dessicants are hygroscopic chemicals or substances meant to control humidity in an environment.
The freezing point is inversely related to concentration
v/v is the volume of solute, volume of solution
boiling point is directly related to concentration
the vapor pressure is the pressure at which liquid solvent is in equilibrium to its vapor
carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon; hydrates of ketone/aldehyde
monosaccharides are 1 sugar
disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides together
the monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose
examples of disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
disaccharides are assembled by dehydration synthesis, or putting molecules together by taking away water
disaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis, where water is added
sucrose is fructose and glucose
lactose is galactose and glucose
maltose is glucose and glucose
starch is the most well known polysaccharide; formal name is amylose; when digested, we break it down with enzyme amylase; consists of long, unbranched 1,4 linkages; made up of alpha glucose
cellulose - get from plants; commonly called fiber, not digested easily; made up of Beta glucose chains; we would need enzyme cellulase to break it down; we lack this enzyme, but some NF in GI tract have it, causes gas
glycogen - storage of glucose; very branched; contains 1,4 and 1,6 linkages; have enzymes in liver to break back down to glucose
amylopectin - another polysaccharide; highly branched 1,4 and 1,6 linkages; not water soluble; we lack enzyme to digest
glycolysis - cleaving glucose molecule with end result of producing 2 ATP
fructose is absorbed passively
glucose and galactose need active transport (or are absorbed actively)
fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
normal glucose levels in plasma are 70-110 mg/dL
normal glucose levels in CSF are 40-70 mg/dL
insulin
role: facilitates entry of glucose into cells
source: beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
release: released as proinsulin, borken down into insulin and c-peptides
insulin increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis
insulin inhibits glycogenolysis
liver, adipose, muscle promotes glucose uptake
glycogenesis is the conversion of glucose to glycogen