Exam 1 Review

• What are concentrations reported as?


  quantity per volume
• Molarity is defined as the number of moles per liter of solution.
• Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• W/v stands for weight of solute in volume of solvent.
• V/v stands for volume of solute, volume of solution.
• Colligative properties refer to the behavior of particles in a solution.
• Boiling point is the temperature at which solvent turns to vapor.
• Vapor pressure is inversely related to concentration.
• Freezing point is the temperature at which solvent turns into a solid.
• A buffer is defined as either a weak acid or weak base and its related conjugate or salt.
• Dessicants are hygroscopic chemicals or substances meant to control humidity in an environment.
• The freezing point is inversely related to concentration
• v/v is the volume of solute, volume of solution
• boiling point is directly related to concentration
• the vapor pressure is the pressure at which liquid solvent is in equilibrium to its vapor
• carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon; hydrates of ketone/aldehyde
• monosaccharides are 1 sugar
• disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides together
• the monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose
• examples of disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, maltose
• disaccharides are assembled by dehydration synthesis, or putting molecules together by taking away water
• disaccharides are broken down by hydrolysis, where water is added
• sucrose is fructose and glucose
• lactose is galactose and glucose
• maltose is glucose and glucose
• starch is the most well known polysaccharide; formal name is amylose; when digested, we break it down with enzyme amylase; consists of long, unbranched 1,4 linkages; made up of alpha glucose
• cellulose - get from plants; commonly called fiber, not digested easily; made up of Beta glucose chains; we would need enzyme cellulase to break it down; we lack this enzyme, but some NF in GI tract have it, causes gas
• glycogen - storage of glucose; very branched; contains 1,4 and 1,6 linkages; have enzymes in liver to break back down to glucose
• amylopectin - another polysaccharide; highly branched 1,4 and 1,6 linkages; not water soluble; we lack enzyme to digest
• glycolysis - cleaving glucose molecule with end result of producing 2 ATP
• fructose is absorbed passively
• glucose and galactose need active transport (or are absorbed actively)
• fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
• normal glucose levels in plasma are 70-110 mg/dL
• normal glucose levels in CSF are 40-70 mg/dL
• insulin

  • role: facilitates entry of glucose into cells
  • source: beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
  • release: released as proinsulin, borken down into insulin and c-peptides
• insulin increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis

  insulin inhibits glycogenolysis
• liver, adipose, muscle promotes glucose uptake
• glycogenesis is the conversion of glucose to glycogen
• lipogenesis is the conversion of glucose to fat