M3

• HEALTH = "state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely the absences of disease or infirmity"
• ILLNESS = a state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
• ACUTE ILLNESS =

  • Short term & severe 
  • Symptoms appear 
  • Abruptly 
  • Intense 
  • Subside after relatively short period 
  • Affects functioning in any dimension 
• CHRONIC ILLNESS =

  • Longer than 6 mos after functioning in any dimension 
  • Px 
  • Fluctuate maximal functioning & serious health relapse = sometimes life threatening 
• HEALTH BELIEF MODEL = Rosenstock's and Beckers Health Belief Model 
• HEALTH BELIEF MODEL = Implementation is dependent on an individual's awareness of how to live a healthy life and the person's ability and willingness to carry out such behaviors in a healthy lifestyle
• FIRST COMPONENT =

  • the individual's perception of susceptibility to an illness 
  • Ex: A patient needs to recognize the familial link for coronary artery disease. After recognizing this link, the patient will perceive a personal risk of heart 
• SECOND COMPONENT =

  • Patient's perception of the seriousness of the illness 
  • Demographic and sociopsychological variables, perceived threats of the illness, and cues to action 
  • Mass media campaigns 
  • Advice from family, friends, & medical professional 
  • all influence and modify this perception 
• THIRD COMPONENT =

  • The likelihood that the patient will take preventive action, results from the patient's perception of the benefits of and barriers to taking action 
  • Change of lifestyle 
  • Increased participation in recommended action 
• HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL = Nola Pender
• HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL = Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the absence of disease   
•  3 functions of a patient's cognitive  

  • PERCEPTUAL FACTORS 
  • individual perceptions 
  • MODIFYING FACTORS
  • demographic and social 
  • PARTICIPATION in health-promoting behaviors  
  • likelihood of action 
• HOLISTIC HEALTH = complementary / alternative medicine 

  • a comprehensive view of the person as a biopsychosocial and spiritual being 
• HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL = consists of concepts of  

  • Energy 
  • Holism 
  • the mind-body – connection 
  • balance  
• holistic interventions include  

  • Aromatherapy 
  • Biofeedback 
  • Breathing exercises 
  • Massage therapy 
  • Meditation 
  • Music therapy 
  • Relaxation therapy 
  • Therapeutic touch  
  • Guided imagery
• TRAVIS' ILLNESS & WELLNESS CONTINUUM =

  • used to measure a person’s level of wellness 
  • Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum 
• MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 

  • Unsatisfied needs motivate human beings and that individuals have to meet certain lower level needs before they are able to satisfy higher level needs  
• Basic physiological needs = Lowest level of needs 
• Safety needs = 2nd  level 
• Love and belongingness = 3rd Level 
• Self-esteem = 4th Level 
• Self-Actualization = Highest Level 
• THEORETICAL MODEL = STAGES OF CHANGE 

  • operates on the assumption that people do not change behaviors quickly and decisively = CHANGE IN BEHAVIOR 
• six stages of change:  

  • Precontemplation 
  • Contemplation 
  • Preparation 
  • Action 
  • Maintenance 
  • Termination 
• PRE-CONTEMPLATION =

  • person does not think about changing his or her behavior in the next 6 months 
  • be uninformed or under informed about the consequences of the risk behavior(s) 
• CONTEMPLATION =

  • person acknowledges having a problem, seriously considers changing a specific behavior, actively gathers information, and verbalizes plans to change the behavior in the near future – next 6 mos 
• PREPARATION = DETERMINATION 

  • people are ready to take action within the next 30 days 
  • start to take small steps toward the behavior change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life 
• ACTION =

  • person actively implements behavioral & cognitive strategies of the action plan to interrupt previous health risk behaviors and adopt new ones 
  • Requires the greatest commitment of time & energy 
• MAINTENANCE =

  • person strives to prevent relapse by integrating newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle 
  • stage lasts until the person no longer experiences temptation to return to previous unhealthy behaviors 
• TERMINATION = ULTIMATE GOAL !

  • ultimate goal where the individual has complete confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat 
• MODIFIABLE  

  • Health behavior 
  • Lifestyle 
  • Individual influences 
  • Interpersonal influence 
  • Community influence 
  • Environmental influence 
  • Healthcare system influence 
• NON-MODIFIABLE  

  • AGE 
  • SEX 
  • GENETIC ENDOWNMENT 
• FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE / DETERMINE THE HEALTH OF INDIV & COMMUNITY 

  • NON MD - AGE
  • NON MD - SEX
  • NON MD - GENETIC ENDOWNMENT
  • PHYSICAL ENVT
  • MD - HEALTH BEHAVIOR
  • MD - LIFESTYLE
  • MD - INDIV & INTERPERSONAL INFLU
  • MD - COMMUNITY INFLU
  • MD - ENVT INFLU
  • MD - HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
• PRIMARY PREVENTION =

  • True prevention 
  • Precedes disease or dysfunction, and applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy 
  • Health education 
  • Immunization 
  • Nutritional programs 
  • Physical fitness activity 
• SECONDARY PREVENTION 

  • focuses on persons who are  
  • experiencing health problems or illnesses  
  • at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions 
• TERTIARY PREVENTION 

  • occurs when a defect or disability is permanent & irreversible 
  • minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration