The changing landscape of the UK

• What's a confluence


  Where 2 rivers meet
• What is hard engineering

  Man-made structures built to control the flow of rivers and reduce flooding
• What is soft engineering

  involves using the environment to manage flood risk in a sustainable way
• What are 4 examples of soft engineering

  Floodplain zoning

  Tree planting

  Water pumping

  Sand bags
• What are storms


  Short term event which results in a sharp rise in rainfall
• What are droughts


  Short term event which results in a reduction in the amount of rainfall
• How does urbanisation affect river processes

  -less interception

  -impermeable surfaces - lead to more surface run off

  -building on flood plains due to increased demand for housing - more vulnerable

  -water flows into the rivers - increasing discharge
• How can agriculture affect the frequency of flood events

  -they need vegetation - interception - decrease flooding

  -horizontal plowing - stops the water from flowing straight down

  -pipes - carry water into drain - more likely to flood
• How may industry affect rivers

  -they can pollute rivers - affect ecosystems and temperature

  -can affect river level - if they take up a lot
• What are impacts of colder climate on a river

  -More freeze thaw weathering

  -more water will lead to more erosion
• What are impacts of warmer climate on a river

  -baked the ground and makes the top soil impermeable, causing rapid surface runoff and an increase in discharge resulting in flooding
• How do storms affect rivers

  There's lots of rainfall which leads to high levels of discharge. This could lead to floodplains being flooded
• What physical processes are changing the river Dee

  Lateral erosion

  Vertical erosion

  Transportation
• How are humans affecting the river

  Reservoirs being built

  -growing demand of industries

  -help control the rivers flow - can reduce its discharge

  
  

  Channelisation

  -increase velocity and discharge - higher risk of flooding
• How may humans increase the risk of flooding

  Urban development will increase surface runoff - this lead to more discharge which results in flooding
• What is load


  Material carried by a river
• What are the 4 outputs

  -evaporation

  -transpiration

  -river run off

  -surface run off
• What is evaporation


  a process where water is lost from the land and river into the atmosphere
• What is transpiration


  a process where water is lost from a plant through the stomata in its leaves into the atmosphere
• What is river run off

  when the water flows into the sea
• What is surface runoff

  if the ground is hard then the rain lies on the surface in puddles until it soaks into the ground
• What 3 stores are there

  -channel storage

  -interception storage

  -soil
• What is channel storage

  When water is held in a river until it reaches the sea
• What is interception storage

  when the rain falls on plants and is stored until it evaporates or flows downwards
• What is soil storage


  where water passes into the soil
• What 7 transfers are there

  -overland flow

  -channel flow

  -groundwater flow

  -through flow

  -stem flow

  -percolation

  -infiltration
• What is overland flow


  where water flows on the ground into the river
• What is channel flow

  The movement of water within the river channel
• What is groundwater flow

  lateral movement of water through underlying rocks
• What is through flow

  Horizontal movement of water through soil
• What is stem flow

  When water flows down a plant stem or tree trunk
• What is percolation


  The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity
• What is infiltration


  Water soaking downwards into the ground/soil
• What's a long profile

  From source to mouth
• What's a cross profile

  Cross section
• Where is the river Dee's source

  Aran fawddwy
• Where is the river Dee's mouth

  Flint
• What can you find in the upper course

  -steep gradient

  -shallow channel

  -narrow channel

  -large amounts of friction

  -vertical erosion
• What can you find in the middle course

  -increased velocity

  -lateral erosion

  -transportation

  -deposition
• What can you find in the lower course

  -wide channel

  -deep channel

  -gentle gradient

  -reduced friction