UK challenges

• What is the format of the 12 mark question in paper 3?

  It is a discuss question
• What are the four main areas classified as UK challenges?

  Consumption, population, landscape, climate change
• What is the predicted UK population by 2030?

  Just over 70 million
• How much did the UK population increase from 2015 to 2030?

  By about 13.3%
• What is the population of the UK?

  64 million and will continue to rise because of natural increase and migration
• How does population growth affect resource consumption?

  It increases pressure on available resources
• What is the UK population estimated to be in 2030?

  Expected to rise to 70 million if current trends continue
• How does rising population affect the UK?

  - It puts pressure on resources in the UK

  - Everyone needs: housing, education, employment, power, food and water
• How does the rising population of the UK affect ecosystem?

  - Building on greenfield sites

  - Food demands intensifying agricultural practices causing more land to be used up

  - New houses increase flood risk as there are less impermeable surfaces causing more surface runoff

  - Pressure on water system

  - Destruction of natural habitats

  - Rise in CO2 emissions as more fossil fuels are burnt to meet energy demand
• How can the UK limit the issues that arise with a rising population?

  - Choosing alternative, sustainable energy

  - Build at higher densities and use brownfield sites for building new homes

  - Managing river catchments to reduce risk of flooding

  - Improved education on conserving resources such as energy and water
• What are the sustainable transport options in the UK?

  - Improving public transport: encourages people to use it instead of private transport. Public transport uses less fuel per person

  
  

  - Cycle routes: Encourages the use of bikes instead of cars, especially for short journeys within a city

  
  

  - Car sharing: This encourages commuters to share car journeys to/from work. Reduces the number of cars needing fuel so reducing pollution

  
  

  - Zero emission vehicles: encouraging the use of this decreases the amount of pollution caused

  
  

  - Congestion charge
• How many people were estimated to die each year from air pollution? (Prior to congestion charge)

  9,500 people
• When was the congestion charge first introduced?

  2003
• What is one way population growth impacts the environment?

  It leads to greater CO2 emissions
• Advantages of the congestion charge?

  - Traffic levels reduced by 10% in the first ten years of the scheme

  - Greenhouse gas emissions reduced in the congestion zone

  - Pollutants that affect air pollution and health of people reduced by 12%. However in 2010, 9,400 people still died because of air pollution
• Disadvantages of the congestion charge?

  - Local businesses lose out on "passing trade" (people moving through the city centre)

  - Local businesses have to pay more for the delivery of goods as charge is passed on in higher prices to shops

  - Low paid workers may not be able to pay for the congestion charge - lowering the supply of workers inside London

  - Expensive to administer as it requires sophisticated technology to track drivers that have paid and chase up those who have not
• Define the term two speed economy

  How the South East (e.g. London) is developing at a faster rate than other areas of the UK such as northern England, Scotland and Wales
• What are the effects of a two speed economy?

  - Rise in house prices: Houses in the South East are far more expensive than other areas in the UK. This is due to the increasing amount of people moving to the South East

  
  

  - Migration: As people move to the South East, this reduces the locally available work force and does not encourage businesses to invest in the areaincreasing the unemployment rate and quality of life in the North
• What are the solutions to the two speed economy?

  - High Speed Rail 2 (HS2) is a railway that will connect London to northern cities.Majority of construction is outside of London, generating jobs out of the capital

  
  

  - Investing in better transport to improve the moment of people and freight across the North, making it easier for new businesses to setup and move goods

  
  

  - Improvements in connections to northern airports such as Manchester to encourage travel and investment from abroad

  
  

  - Using "smart tickets" to make access to transport easier and more attractive for people to use
• Advantages of building on greenfield sites?

  Advantages:

  - Relatively cheap to build on

  - Building is faster on greenfield sites

  - Layout is not hampered by previous development

  - Healthier environment
• What percentage of food consumed in the UK is produced domestically?

  60%
• Disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

  - Valuable farm or recreational land lost

  - Wildlife and their habitats lost or disturbed

  - Often located far from work and services, generating more traffic

  - Encourages suburban sprawl
• Define suburban sprawl


  The growth of the edges of an urban area, normally onto greenfield sites
• Advantages of building on brownfield sites

  - Reduces the loss of countryside and land that might be put to agricultural or recreational use

  - Helps revive old and disused urban areas

  - Services such as water, electricity, gas and sewage already in place

  - Located nearer to main areas of employment, so commuting reduced
• Disadvantages of building on brownfield sites

  - More expensive to build on as old buildings have to be cleared and cleaned of pollutants

  - Sometimes surrounded by rundown areas so does not always appeal to more wealthy people as a residential location

  - Higher levels of pollution; less healthy
• Define migrant


  A person who moves from one area to another to live
• Define emigrant


  A person moving out of one country and move to another country to live there
• What is a significant factor contributing to population growth in the UK?

  Immigration
• Define immigrant


  A person moving into a country in order to live there
• Define net migration


  the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
• Why are migration statistics debatable

  - Travellers on holidays or business trips are only in the UK temporarily

  - People entering the UK illegally

  - People who have left the UK but do not show in the statistics
• What percentage of births in 2013 were to mothers born outside the UK?

  25%
• What are the top 5 countries that people migrated to the UK from in 2014?

  - India

  - China

  - Romania

  - Poland

  - Spain
• What are the top 5 countries that people in the UK emigrated to in 2014?

  - Australia

  - France

  - China

  - Poland

  - Spain
• What is one impact of increased population on ecosystems?

  Increased need for housing
• Define economic migrant


  A person who moves from one area to another in order to find work or a better standard of living
• What were popular countries that people in the UK emigrated to during the 19th century

  - USA

  - Other countries in the British Empire
• What are reasons for migration?

  - Job/Looking for a job

  - Join family

  - Study

  - Retire
• Define refugee


  A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
• How does population growth relate to agricultural practices?

  It intensifies the need for more crops