Presentations of UK

• Despite some controversies and challenges during his reign, King Henry III's accomplishments in maintaining law and order, promoting arts and culture, expanding the realm, and supporting education and commerce contributed significantly to the development of medieval England. He reigned from 1216-72
• The English Parliament, also known as the Parliament of the United Kingdom or the Westminster Parliament, performs various functions today. It is responsible for making and passing laws, scrutinizing and holding the government to account, debating important issues and policies, representing the interests of constituents, approving the budget, and overseeing the work of the government.
• In addition to its legislative role, the parliament has other powers such as the power to declare war, ratify treaties, regulate trade and industry, control immigration, manage public finances, and make decisions on foreign policy matters.
• The House of Commons consists of elected members who represent their respective constituencies and are directly accountable to the people they serve. The House of Lords, on the other hand, comprises appointed members with expertise in different fields, including business, academia, and politics.
• Consequences of 100years war: consolidation of English and french states, English national language ,tech. advancements, decline of feudalism
• Causes of 100 years war: Hundred Years War was caused by disputed claims to the French throne between the Kings of France and England, territorial ambitions, economic rivalry, religious tensions, and political instability.
• Black death 1347-52
• simon de montfort father of en parliament, leader of a rebellion against henrylll, he was defeated by Edward l
• The Lollards were: wandering prearches, followers of wycliffe, demanded distribution of church wealth, criticised social inequality and injustice
• peasant' revolt 1381
• Demands of peasants during their revolt: distribution of church wealth, abolition of serdom, social equality
• Wars of Roses: conflict between two branches of royal family over succession to throne, House of Lancaster vs House of York, fought from 1455-1487, ended with Tudor dynasty on throne
• Ireland is not part of the United Kingdom.
• Henry VIII - broke away from the Catholic Church, dissolved monasteries, established Anglican Church, executed wives, beheaded Anne Boleyn, divorced Catherine of Aragon, married Jane Seymour, had children, executed Mary I, created Act of Supremacy, made himself head of the Church of England, executed Thomas More, executed Cromwell, married Anne of Cleves, divorced her, married Katherine Howard, executed her, married Catherine Parr, died
• The 15th century in England, also known as the Late Medieval period brought changes: the Hundred Years' War with France, the ascension of influential monarchs like Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI, The Renaissance, a period of intellectual and artistic growth, started to influence England,  The Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe, challenged the authority of the Church, promoting vernacular translations of the Bible and advocating for reforms within the Catholic Church.
• Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn) was crowned queen at age twenty-five, she continued the Protestant Reformation, supported exploration and colonization, encouraged arts and culture, and maintained peace with Spain through diplomatic efforts.
• Mary I (daughter of Henry VIII) was crowned queen at age eighteen, she restored Catholicism to England, burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake, including Archbishop Cranmer, but she failed to produce an heir, so Elizabeth succeeded her.
• James I (son of Mary Queen of Scots) succeeded Elizabeth I, he believed that kings were appointed by God, promoted religious tolerance but faced opposition from Puritans who wanted further reforms, his son Charles I became king upon James' death.
• The War of the Roses was a series of civil wars that took place in England from 1455 to 1487. It was a conflict between two rival branches , the House of Lancaster and the House of York for control of the English throne. The conflict ended when Henry Tudor, representing the Lancastrians, defeated Richard III and became King Henry VII.
• Humanism in England during the Renaissance placed a strong emphasis on the dignity, worth, and capabilities of human beings. It focused on the study of classical literature, philosophy, and art, especially those of ancient Greece and Rome. Humanists in England sought to revive and promote the liberal arts, education, and critical thinking, as well as a more secular and individualistic worldview.
• Lutheranism, a Protestant denomination. Luther's ideas did have an impact on the English Reformation, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Church of England as a separate entity from the Roman Catholic Church.Lutheranism emphasized the principles of scripture alone faith alone and salvation by grace through faith. 2 sacraments baptism and euharist, church surrendered to state
• Puritanism is a branch of Protestant Christianity that developed within the Anglican Church during the late 16th century. Puritans believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of all forms of corruption and return to what they considered to be the pure teachings of the Bible. They advocated for greater simplicity in worship services, rejected the use of images and other decorative elements in churches, and called for stricter adherence to biblical teachings.
• Calvinism emphasized predestination, the doctrine that God has pre-determined the ultimate fate of every individual. According to Calvinist beliefs, salvation and damnation are predetermined, and humans have no control over their eternal destiny. This idea was contrary to the prevailing Catholic teaching of the time and challenged the notion of free will.
• Henry VII; Establishment of the Tudor Dynasty, Financial Reforms, Strengthening the Justice System, England saw stability and consolidation of royal authority , support for foreign trade, centralised monarchy
• Elizabeth I : consolidated the protestant state, defeated spain, Foundation for colonial power,
• Puritans demands: stress on election, preaching and improvised prayer, elected consistories
• levellers: abolition of monarchy and state church, religious toleration, voting rights for all men
• Diggers: comunal ownership and cultivation of land, man naturally good but corrupted, no state law and social classes
• Presbyterians were wealthy gentry and merchants , negotiated with the king
• Independents army,revolution
• English Commonweath: monarchy and house of lords abolished, calvinist religious reforms, strict puritan codes, wars with irleand scotland and netherlands
• Charles II Stuart, reign from 1660 to 1685. Restoration of the Monarchy, Navigation Acts . Charles II's reign was not without controversy, and his refusal to adopt a Protestant state religion, among other issues, fueled tensions that would ultimately lead to the Glorious Revolution of 1688
• Charles II had conflict with parliament over alliance with france, religion toleration. parliament barred all non-anglicans from public sphere
• Two party system: Tories :divine right, king, anglican church jacobites. Whigs: social contract, parliament, religious toleration, against James II
• Locke's philosphy : freedom and equality, natural rights liberty, property, people driven by self interest, right of revolution, separation of church and state, separation of powers.
• Act of settlement:1701, chose the new dynasty, abolished divine right, monarchy subordinate to parliament, monarch must be protestant
• The Bill of Rights established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown, guaranteed certain individual liberties such as free speech and the right to bear arms, and limited the power of the monarch through specific restrictions on their authority.
• Act of Union 1707' one: monarch , parliament, government, army. Separate: judical system , church, edu system
• Tories: king, jobites ,gentry, social hierarchy, anglican church, insularity.
• Whigs: parliament, aristocracy and middle class, wealth and social mobility , religious toleration, foreign involvement , not for catholics