Foreign Policy

• What happened in March 1510:


  The Treaty of Etaples was renewed between England and France
• The Treaty of Etaples was originally singed in 1492
• The renewal of the Treaty of Etaples in 1510, implied that Henry was looking for peace with France
• October 1511: Henry sent Christopher Bainbridge to Rome to persuade the Pope (Julius II) to enter an alliance against the French.
• In October 1511, who joined an Anti-French Alliance?

  England, Spain, HRE, Venice and the Papacy
• In 1512, Henry sent an army to southwest France for invasion.
• The invasion of France in 1513 was led by Henry with 25,000 men attempting to capture Therouanne and Tournai.
• The Guienne Fiasco in 1512 in southwest France had how many men?

  10,000
• In May 1513, Henry invaded where with an army of around 25,000? and who led this army?

  Northern France / Earl of Shrewsbury
• What battle occurred in 16 August 1513?

  Battle of the Spurs
• What happened in the Battle of Spurs?

  Small skirmish between around 500 nobles, insignificant battle.
• 9th September 1513 was the date of the Battle of Flodden, who led this?


  Catherine of Aragon
• What happened in the Battle of Flodden?

  Henry was away and so the English were led by Catherine of Aragon and the Earl of Surrey. James IV was killed in Battle.
• 1513 Campaign had what outcome? and why?

  Overall unsuccessful,

  Massive Costs, Taxation discontent, Lost French Pension, Tournai and Therouanne sold back at a loss.
• Maximilian and Ferdinand made peace in 1514, forcing Henry to do the same.
• Wolsey arrives in power, what does he sort?

  Renegotiated the French Pension and arranged a marriage between Mary and Louis XII of France.
• 1514 - 1527 Foreign Policy was incoherent and weak.
• Why did Henry do so badly between 1514 - 1527?

  He had no money, no influence, big rivals and English isolation
• 1515: Louis XII died and young Francis I took over France, bad news for Henry
• Henry was seeking Anti-French Alliances after the death of Louis XII, who with?

  HRE and Spain
• When Henry was seeking Anti-French alliances, Ferdinand of Spain agreed with him, but his death in 1516meant Charles V took over who was seeking alliances with France. What treaty did they sign?

  Treaty of Noyon
• What treaty was signed between the HRE and France in 1517?

  Treaty of Cambria
• How dis the Treaty of London form in 1518?

  Carried out by Wolsey, used the threat of the invading Ottoman Turks to form a treaty and make England play the peacemaker role.
• What was the Treaty of London?

  20 nations, hoping for a treaty of perpetual peace.
• When emperor Max died, Treaty of London was undermined. Why?

  Henry, Charles, and Francis were all competing to be the emperor of the HRE. Charles V wins.
• Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520:

  Henry VIII and Francis I meet near Calais to compete with one another. It was a lavish and extravagant event.
• How much did the Field of the Cloth of Gold cost Henry?


  £15k on wine, feasts and lots of Golden Cloth.
• Who won the Field of the Cloth of Gold?


  Francis beat Henry in a wrestling match
• Francis I started a war in 1521 by invading Luxembourg, leading to the Calais Conference and allowing England and Wolsey to act as what?

  Peacemakers
• Henry's Treaty of Bruges with Charles in 1521 meant what?

  He might gain more territory, he could improve his relations with the pope, Marriage alliance with Charles V (Mary married Charles)
• Henry invaded France in 1522 (Picardy) and 1523 (Paris) as a part of the deal with Charles V. What was the result?

  Proved Costly, and nothing positive came from it. The lack of money eventually led to the Amicable Grant of 1525
• Battle of Pavia 1525, what happened?

  Between the French and the Holy Roman Empire, 10,000 French were killed.
• Who was captured as a result of the Battle of Pavia?


  King Francis I of France
• What did Henry try to do after the Battle of Pavia?

  Capitalise on Charles V's victory, suggesting a joint invasion of France to achieve territorial gains while Charles had Francis as prisoner. This would mean he could take the crown from France.
• How did Charles respond to Henry's suggestion about the Battle of Pavia?

  Charles V refused to invade, cancelling the marriage agreement that was in place. Felt offended by the stupidity of Henry and Wolsey
• Henry was then forced into signing pro-French policies to avoid isolation in Europe. What were they?

  1525 - Treaty of the More

  The League of Cognac

  Treaties of Westminster and Amiens
• What was the Treaty of the More?

  Negotiated Francis I's release and organise a new pension where France pay England £20k a year.
• What was the League of Cognac?

  Created by the pope to combat HRE influence in northern Italy.

  Charles was taking people hostage to exert power, links to Henry's Great Matter (COA's nephew had possession of the pope and wouldn't grant papal dispensation for the annulment).
• What were the treaties of Westminster and Amiens (1527)?


  Both pro-French and forced upon Henry. They tried to recreate the Trade embargo of H7 on Charles but he was too strong. His retaliation led to widespread issues in England.
• Henry's limited power was seen through what?

  His failure to solve his Great Matter diplomatically