urinary system

• what is ectopic ureter

  cant hold urine as ureter goes into urethra
• what are the functions of urinary system

  excrete urea as urine

  maintain homeostasis

  produce renin

  convert vitamin D to active form

  produce erythropoietin
• what is the hilus of the kidney

  indented part
• what is the size of a kidney on a radiograph

  2.5 lumbar vertebrae
• what is the layer of fat surrounding kidney for

  protection and energy reserve
• what is the function of the nephron

  filter blood an produce urine
• what is the process of formation of blood

  blood filtered in kidney

  filtrate is modified in renal tubules producing urine

  urine has different composition and volume to filtrate
• process of ultrafiltration

  1. blood carried via renal artery to capillaries from glomerulus
  2. glomerular capillaries have high hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid and small particles out of pores
  3. blood becomes concentrated due to proteins
  4. fluid in renal capsule is dilute so water drawn to blood by osmosis
  5. called colloid pressure system
• define selective reabsorption

  substances filtered from capillaries need to be reabsorbed by PCT
• what reabsorbs glucose

  PCT
• what reabsorbs water

  PCT and DCT
• what reabsorbs sodium ions

  PCT
• what reabsorbs chloride ions

  PCT
• what reabsorbs amino acids

  PCT and DCT
• what reabsorbs proteins

  PCT
• what reabsorbs urea

  PCT
• what reabsorbs

  PCT
• what is the function of loop of henle

  regulate concentration and volume of urine
• describe the walls of the descending loop

  permeable to water, not sodium ions

  water is drawn out

  filtrate becomes concentrated
• describe the walls of ascending loop

  walls are impermeable to water, not sodium ions

  water is drawn in

  filtrate becomes less concentrated
• what is the function of distal convoluted tubule

  final adjustments to electrolyte content
• is more sodium ions absorbed in PCT or DCT 


  PCT
• what are the factors that affect control of osmoregulation

  renin, angiotensinogen, aldosterone, ADH, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors
• what is the function of the collecting duct

  final adjustments to volume of water
• describe the affect of antidiuretic hormone

  alters permeability of walls
• describe renin

  hormones produced in response to low arterial pressure
• describe angiotensinogen

  plasma protein converted to angiotensin by renin
• describe angiotensin

  causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone
• describe aldosterone

  regulates reabsorption of sodium acting on DCT
• describe antidiuretic hormone

  changes permeability of collecting duct walls to water
• describe baroreceptors

  found in walls of blood vessels to monitor blood pressure
• describe osmoreceptors

  monitor osmotic pressure in plasma, affecting thirst centre of brain
• what is the function of the ureter

  carries urine from kidney to bladder by peristalsis
• how does the ureter prevent the backflow of blood

  enters bladder at an angle
• what are the 2 layers of the bladder preventing expelling urine

  inner smooth layer: involuntary sphincter muscles

  outer smooth layer: voluntary sphincter muscles
• what is the function of the urethra

  carries urine from bladder to outside of body
• what is micturition

  act of emptying urine from bladder