Queen, government & religion

• Who were the Privy Council? What did they do?

  • around 20 of the Queen's most trusted councillors
  • advised her on all aspects of the government
  • ensured her wishes were carried out
  • had to obey her orders even if they disagreed with them
• Who made up the parliament? What did they do?

  • members of the nobility and gentry
  • Elizabeth need their consent to pass laws
  • she tried to avoid using them
• How many times did Elizabeth call parliament under her 44 year reign?

  13 times
• What became a major problem in Elizabethan England?

  poverty
• In what ways was Elizabeth different to most Tudor women?

  • she was intelligent
  • she was confident
  • she was well educated
  • she was taught by male tutors
• Why was Elizabeth believed to be illegitimate?

  • because people thought Henry VIII's and Anne Boleyn's marriage was illegitimate
  • Henry declared Elizabeth as illegitimate (even though he later changed his mind)
• Why did most people believe the monarch should be a man?

  • Females were not seen as physically, emotionally or intellectually capable
  • Rule by a woman was seen as unnatural
  • Mary's reign was violent and chaotic
• Why did Elizabeth refuse to marry?

  • so that her husband didn't take control of England
  • finding a husband could also lead to political problems
• How much was England in debt when Elizabeth came to throne?

  £300,000
• What did the French conquer? Why did this increase risk of a French invasion?

  • Calais
  • it was England's last remaining territory on the European mainland in January 2558
  • made it more difficult for England to control the channel
• When and how was peace agreed with Mary Queen of Scots?

  1559, due to the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
• Why was there a Scottish invasion threat?

  • French troops in Scotland due to it being controlled by France's Catholic royal family
  • Mary QOS was married to the French heir, France wanted to invade through Scotland to put Mary on the English throne
  • Scotland and France were Catholic, England was protestant
• When did the Protestant reformation begin?

  early 16th century
• Explain some changes made during the Protestant reformation

  • authority of pope began to be questioned
  • bible translated from latin
  • thought churches should be plain
• What was Elizabeth's title changed to in her Religious Settlement?

  supreme governor. this was instead of supreme head of the church.
• when was Elizabeth's religious settlement?

  1559
• who were priests replaced by in the religious settlement?

  protestant bishops
• what was the rule about going to church in the religious settlement?

  it was compulsory and there were fines for missing services
• what was the new book called in the religious settlement?

  the book of common prayer
• how was the wording of communion service made in the religious settlement?

  very vague so it was accepted by both protestants and catholics
• why didn't Elizabeth want religious differences?

  she didn't want a rebellion
• what did Elizabeth encourage the manufacture of in the religious settlement?

  medallions and engravings of herself as the saviour of protestantism
• what day did Elizabeth add to the calendar in the religious settlement?

  an accession day, in which people feasted and had a day of fun to celebrate the queen
• Why were parish priests respected?

  they were the most educated
• what did parish priests do?

  • gave advice
  • solved disputes
  • provided charitable support
• what did the church help to do?

  promote national unity and obedience
• What did the puritan challenge aim to do?

  remove all traces of catholicism
• Many puritans were _____

  marian exiles. they fled to protestant countries during Mary's reign.
• what did puritan priests refuse to wear?

  the surplice
• what did Elizabeth do about puritans refusing to wear surplices?

  at first she tolerated it, but eventually she made it that those who refused lost their jobs or were imprisoned
• why did the catholic nobility pose a threat on the settlement?

  • they refused to attend services they were influential
  • they used their strong local power to protect catholics and maintain their religious practices
• why were Spain and France not in the position to challenge England?

  • they didn't have the military resources
  • there was no clear support for a revolt against elizabeth
• who did have the power to take action against Elizabeth?

  the pope. he could excommunicate her, meaning expel her from the Catholic Church.
• Why did Mary QOS have many supporters?

  • she had the catholic support of england
  • she became queen of Scotland at just 6 days old
• how old was Mary when she married the heir to the French throne? what happened with this marriage?

  • in 1558 when she was 15
  • her husband died in 1560
  • she returned to scotland
• Why was Mary QOS imprisoned and forced to abdicate in 1567?

  • She married the Earl of Bothwell
  • Scottish nobles thought that the fair were behind the murder of her previous husband, Lord Darnley
• What happened after Mary was imprisoned and forced to abdicate to her son James?

  • she escaped prison
  • raised her own army
  • her army was defeated in battle
  • she fled south to england
• What did Elizabeth do when Mary asked her to help her regain control of Scotland?

  • imprisoned her
  • set up an enquiry to find out if she was behind Darnley's murder
  • however, Elizabeth didn't want this enquiry to find Mary guilty
• why didn't Elizabeth want Mary to have a guilty verdict?

  • it would lend support to the Scottish nobles who had overthrown Mary
  • it would force her to release Mary, and once free she might use her claim to the English throne to overthrow Elizabeth
• what was the result to Mary's enquiry?

  • it didn't reach a verdict
  • Mary was kept in captivity
  • Elizabeth hoped that this meant that Mary would not now be the centre of Catholic plots, however this still occurred for the next 20 years