GCSE PE

• Direct aggression


  When there is an actual physical contact between performers. The 'aggressor' uses physical contact to directly and deliberately inflict harm on their opponent

  
• Examples of intrinsic motivation


  -personal goals

  -PBs

  -qualifying

  -fun, enjoyment

  -self-satisfaction

  joy, pride

  
• Examples of extrinsic motivation

  -coach feedback

  -crowds

  -money, sponsorship

  -fame

  -medals trophies

  
• Characteristics of extroverts

  -NEED A HIGH LEVEL AROUSAL

  -are sociable, enthusiastic and prone to boredom

  -prefer team sports

  -enjoy fast-paced sports

  -prefer sports with gross skills

  
• Characteristics of introverts

  -DO NOT NEED A HIGH LEVEL OF AROUSAL

  -Are shy, quiet and happy with their own company

  -Prefer individual sports

  -Prefer sports that require fine skills

  
• Articulating bones around the elbow joint

  ulna, radius, humerus

  
• Range of movement at the hip joint

  flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

  
• Range of movement at the knee joint

  Flexion and extension

  
• Range of movement at the elbow joint

  Flexion and extension

  
• What do tendons join?

  muscles to bones

  
• What do ligaments join?

  Bones to bones

  
• The functions of the skeleton

  -Support

  -Protection

  -Movement

  -Structural Shape

  -Mineral Storage

  -Blood cell production

  
• Adduction

  movement towards the midline of the body

  
• Abduction

  movement away from the midline of the body

  
• Extension


  increasing the angle of bones at a joint

  
• Flexion


  decrease in the angle of the bones at a joint

  
• Strength

  The ability to overcome a resistance. This can be explosive, static or dynamic:

  - explosive - see Power

  - static - static ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position. Muscle length stays the same/maximum force that can be applied to an immoveable object

  - dynamic - see Muscular endurance for similarity.

  
• Sportsmanship


  Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.

  
• Speed


  The maximum rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time, putting the body parts into action as quickly as possible. Calculated by: distance ÷ time

  
• Sedentary lifestyle


  A lifestyle with irregular or no physical activity.

  
• Reaction time


  The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus, ie the time from the initiation of the stimulus (eg starting gun in 100 m) to starting to initiate a response (eg starting to move out of the blocks in 100 m).

  
• Power/explosive strength (anaerobic power)


  The product of strength and speed, ie strength x speed.

  
• Obese


  A term used to describe people with a large fat content, caused by an imbalance of calories consumed to energy expenditure. A body mass index (BMI) of over 30 or over 20% above standard weight for height ratio.

  
• Muscular endurance


  Ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions, avoiding fatigue.

  
• Maximal HR


  Calculated by 220-age

  
• Guidance


  A method to convey information to a performer. Guidance methods:

  - visual (seeing)

  - verbal (hearing)

  - manual (assist movement - physical)

  - mechanical (use of objects/aids).

  
• Flexibility


  The range of movements possible at a joint.

  
• SPORT - principles of overload/training

  -Specificity

  Making training specific to the sport being played/movements used/muscles used/energy system(s) used.

  -Progressive overload

  Gradual increase of the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur, but without potential for injury.

  -Overload is the gradual increase of stress placed upon the body during exercise training (more than normal).

  -Reversibility

  Losing fitness levels when you stop exercising.

  -Tedium

  Boredom that can occur from training the same way every time. Variety is needed.

  
• FIIT - principles of training

  FITT is used to increase the amount of work the body does, in order to achieve overload (see SPORT). FITT stands for:

  - frequency - how often you train

  - intensity - how hard you train

  - time - the length of the training session

  - type - the specific method, eg continuous training.

  
• Fartlek training


  Swedish for 'speed play'. Periods of fast work with intermittent periods of slower work. Often used in running, ie sprint, jog, walk, jog, sprint, etc.

  Improves aerobic and anaerobic systems

  
• Extrinsic feedback


  Received from outside of the performer, eg from a coach. See Kinaesthetic feedback for a comparison.

  
• Etiquette


  A convention or unwritten rule in an activity. It is not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed.

  
• Endomorph


  A somatotype, characterised by a pear shaped body/fatness. Individuals with wide hips and narrow shoulders. E.G. sumo wrestlers, weight-lifting

  
• Ectomorph


  A somatotype characterised by being tall and thin. Individuals with narrow shoulders and narrow hips. E.G. basketball, high jump

  
• Mesomorph


  A somatotype, characterised by a muscular appearance. Individuals with wide shoulders and narrow hips. E.G. gymnastics, rugby

  
• Indirect aggression


  Aggression which does not involve physical contact. The aggression is taken out on an object to gain advantage, eg hitting a tennis ball hard during a rally.

  
• Health


  A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

  
• Long-term effects of exercise (months and years of exercising)

  -body shape may change

  -improvements in specific components of fitness

  -build muscle strength

  -improve muscular endurance

  -improve speed

  -improve suppleness

  -build cardio-vascular endurance

  -improve stamina

  -increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy)

  -lower resting heart rate (bradycardia).

  
• Short-term effects of exercise (24 to 36 hours after exercise)

  -tiredness/fatigue

  -light headedness

  -nausea

  -aching/delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)/cramp.

  
• Immediate effects of exercise (during exercise)


  -hot/sweaty/red skin

  -increase in depth and frequency of breathing

  -increased heart rate.