PHILO

• Human nature refers to the deepest and natural behavior of a person that distinguishes humans from animals
• Human person is someone with an exact origin
• Classification:

  • In the Bible, Adam and Eve
  • In science, humans are classified under the class Mammalia
• Embodied spirit man represents the entire human race
• There are 2 general kinds of human person:

  1. Cognitive self:

  • Includes beliefs, desires, dreams, and intentions

  2. Physical self:

  • Includes physical appearance like body type, strength, and appearance
• Human beings are a term used to separate man from other human classifications like animals
• Person refers to an individual who possesses self-awareness, self-determination, rational mind, and the capacity to interact with others and with themselves
• Personhood refers to the state of being a person with unique, sacred, and ethical status within oneself
• Human transcendence is the ability to surpass one's limits and transcend physical and mental abilities
• Environmental philosophy studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents
• 3 views of the physical environment:

  1. Anthropocentrism: Humans are the most important species and can transform nature

  2. Biocentrism: All organisms have inherent value and should be protected

  3. Ecocentrism: Humans are part of a greater biological system and have a role as stewards of nature
• Environmental aesthetics believes that maintaining order in the environment brings out natural beauty and contributes to well-being
• Ancient thinkers:

  • Anaximander: Creation and destruction
  • Pythagoras: Relationship with the universe involving Biophilia and Cosmophilia
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  • Immanuel Kant: Orderliness of nature and harmony with our faculties guide us to a deeper religious perspective
  • George Herbert Mead: Man has duties and responsibilities in nature
  • Herbert Marcuse: Humans have power over nature
• Sustainable development meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs
• Principles of sustainability:

  • Environmental integrity: Human activities should not unduly disrupt the environment and human communities
  • Economic efficiency: Ensure zero waste in using natural resources
  • Equity: Conserve natural resources for future generations
• Theories in radical philosophy:

  • Deep ecology: All living things have equal value regardless of usefulness
  • Social ecology: Ecological problems stem from social problems
  • Ecofeminism: Male-centered view of nature is the root cause of ecological problems
• Prudence is the capacity to direct and discipline one's activity and behavior using reason
• Frugality is the quality of being thrifty and the careful supervision of one's resources
• Freedom is the ability to make choices and perform them, with kinds including physical, psychological, and moral freedom
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  • Voluntariness: Acting of one's own free will
  • Responsibility: Being accountable for actions and consequences
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  • Prudence: Governing oneself with reason and caution
  • Self-reflection: Being rational in decision-making
• Inter-subjectivity involves treating others as fellow subjects, facilitated by empathy
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  Seeming - actions where an individual presents himself/herself in a certain way when dealing with others

  Dialogue - is what characterized deeper and more genuine interaction

  
  

  • Empathy: Sharing emotions
  • Availability: Willingness to be present for others
  • Ethics for care: Emphasizing the moral dimension of relationships and interactions
  • Alienation: Viewing others as objects or means to satisfy personal interests