Science chemistry

• filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air

  Upper Respiratory Tract
• moves air to and from the surface of gas exchange

  Lower Respiratory Tract
• pathway of air

  conducting portion
• designed for gas exchange

  respiratory portion
• space between external nares and internal nares

  produces vibration to produce a sound


  Nasal cavity
• partitioned into upper nasopharynx, middle oropharynx and lower laryngopharynx

  Pharynx or Throat
• serves as the passageway of air flow through nasal cavity

  nasopharynx
• extends from the soft palate down the epiglottis and contains palatine and lingual tonsils

  oropharynx
• located between hyoid bone and the entrance to the esophagus

  laryngopharynx
• voice-box

  larynx
• adam's apple

  thyroid cartilage
• connects the trachea to the base of the pharynx

  cricoid cartilage
• tongue-shaped piece of elastic cartilage

  epiglottis
• covers the opening of the respiratory tract


  glottis
• connects the upper respiratory tract to the lungs

  trachea or windpipe
• tree-like pattern branching

  bronchi
• secretes sticky substance

  goblet cells
• serves as the lining of the pleural cavity

  pleura
• slippery serous fluid, reduces friction and adhesion between lungs and thoracic wall

  pulmonary surfactant
• marks the transition from the conducting to the respiratory portion

  respiratory bronchioles
• grape bunch-like structures

  alveoli
• movement of air into the lungs

  simultaneous contractions of the diaphragm towards the abdominal cavity and the external intercoastal muscles result to the expansion of the thoracic cavity


  inspiration
• movement out of the lungs

  lungs recoil because of their elasticity as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle relax, thus contracting the volume of the thoracic cavity

  expiration
• senses the level of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood through its respiratory center

  medulla oblongata
• responsible for controlling the speed of inhalation and exhalation depending on the need of the body

  pons
• control of breathing

  nervous system
• responsible for transporting nutrients, gases and other materials to and from the different parts of our body


  circulatory system or cardiovascular system
• hollow muscular organ embedded between lungs and is about the size of the closed fist

  heart
• fibroserous sac


  pericardium
• branches shape that have the ability to contract spontaneously with a rhythmic beat apart from the nerve stimulation

  cardiomyocytes
• outermost layer consisting of visceral pericardium

  epicardium
• made up of layers of spirally arranged cardiac muscels

  myocardium
• made up of layers of endothelial cells that line the chambers of the heart

  endocardium
• thick cells

  regulates the exchange of materials in the bloodstream and surrounding tissue

  endothelial cells
• upper chamber of the heart where the blood enters

  atria
• lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

  ventricles
• prevents backflow of blood

  valve
• borders the right atrium and right ventricle

  tricuspid valve
• borders the left atrium and left ventricle


  mitral or bicuspid valve
• largest artery found from the left ventricle that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

  aorta