POLIADMI 4-8

• Key Figures:

  • José Rizal: fought for rights and freedom, advocated for civil liberties, equality, and justice
  • Graciano López Jaena: publisher of La Solidaridad
  • Mariano Ponce: the organization's secretary
• Reformist Movements:

  • Propaganda Movement: composed of intellectuals and professionals
  • La Liga Filipina: founded by José Rizal
• Constitutions:

  • Malolos Constitution: drafted and ratified during the first constitutional convention
  • Tydings McDuffie Act of 1934: paved the way for the drafting of a new Constitution
  • 1987 Constitution: expanded and strengthened the provisions of the Bill of Rights
• • Children's Rights: rights ensuring protection, welfare, and development of children
  • Women’s Rights: focus on gender equality and eliminating discrimination against women
  • LGBTQ+ Rights: rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals
• Types of Rights:

  • Civil Rights: basic rights granted to all citizens
  • Human Rights: internationally recognized rights inherent to all human beings
  • Political Rights: right to participate in political processes
  • Economic Rights: rights pertaining to economic well-being
  • Social Rights: rights ensuring individuals' well-being within society
  • Legal Rights: rights granted by a legal system
  • Indigenous Rights: specific rights granted to indigenous peoples
  • Cultural Rights: right to participate in cultural life
• Types of Human Rights:

  • Natural: God-given, inherent, and inalienable
  • Constitutional: conferred and guaranteed by the Constitution
  • Statutory: conferred or given by the legislature
• Constitutional Types of Human Rights:

  • Political Rights: give citizens the right to participate in establishing and administering the government
  • Civil Rights: rights given to private individuals
  • Social and Economic Rights: intended to secure well-being and economic security
  • Rights of the Accused: intended to protect a person accused of any crime
• Bill of Rights:

  • Serves as a vanguard of protection
  • Declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and privileges protected against violations by the government or individuals
  • Contained in the Bill of Rights, Article III, Sections 1 to 22 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
• Rights and Protections:

  • Due Process of Law: compliance with fair and reasonable methods of procedure
  • Equal Protection of Laws: all persons subject to legislation should be treated alike
  • Right to Privacy: the right to be left alone
  • Freedom of Expression: the right to freely utter and publish thoughts
  • Right to Abode and Travel: right to choose residence and travel freely
  • Right to Information: right to information on matters of public concern
  • Right to Form Associations: right to form associations, unions, or societies
• • Right to Just Compensation: right to just compensation in expropriation
  • Right to Contract: right to contract shall not be impaired by the state
  • Right to Free Access to Courts: right to free access to the courts and legal assistance
  • Right to Bail: right to bail for provisional release
  • Right to Speedy Trial: right to speedy disposition of cases
  • Rights Against Self-Incrimination: right against self-incrimination
  • Rights Against Excessive Fines and Punishment: right against excessive fines and cruel punishment
• • Rights Against Double Jeopardy: protection against being charged twice for the same offense
  • Rights Against Ex Post Facto Laws: protection against retroactive laws
• Legal Procedures:

  • Search Warrant: directed to a peace officer for personal property search
  • Warrant of Arrest: command to arrest a designated person
  • Probable Cause: facts and circumstances sufficient for a warrant
  • Warrantless Searches and Seizures: various scenarios for searches without warrants
  • Warrantless Arrest: conditions for warrantless arrests
  • Right to Legal Assistance: right to choose competent counsel and against torture
  • Right to Remain Silent: right to remain silent and against illegal detention
  • Right to Bail: provision for temporary release
• • Presumption of Innocence: right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
• Additional Information:

  • Commission on Human Rights (CHR): primary function is investigating human rights violations
  • National Privacy Commission (NPC): oversees and enforces Data Privacy Act of 2012
  • Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine: evidence gathered in violation of rights
  • Total Exclusionary Rule: evidence taken in violation of constitutional rights
• The Commission on Audit enforces and administers all laws and regulations related to the conduct of elections, plebiscites, initiatives, referendums, and recalls
• Financial contributions from foreign governments and their agencies can be an additional ground for the cancellation of registration
• The Commission on Audit is composed of a Chairman and two Commissioners
• The Chairman of COA are certified public accountants and serve for seven years
• Commissioners of COA serve for five years
• Other Commissioners of COA serve for three years
• The Commission on Audit has the power, authority, and duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts
• No law shall be passed exempting any entity of the government
• The territorial and political subdivisions of the Philippines are provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays
• The Congress shall enact a local government code (RA 7160) to provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure
• The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local governments
• Each local government unit has the power to create its own sources of revenues
• Local governments are entitled to an equitable share
• The President shall provide for regional development councils to accelerate economic and social growth
• Autonomous regions will be created in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras
• The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions
• Republic Act No. 11054 or Bangsamoro Organic Law established the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
• Legislative Power refers to the power to enact or create laws
• The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines, consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives
• Bicameral system is a presidential form of government
• Unicameral or One-House Legislature is a parliamentary form of government
• General Legislative Power includes the general powers to create laws
• Specific Legislative Power includes powers expressly conferred by the Constitution
• The Power of Appropriation determines the national budget of the government
• The Power of Taxation is to enact tax laws
• The Power of Expropriation is to pass laws appropriating private property for public use