Microbiology

• Microbiology


  organisms

  and agents too small

  to be seen by the

  naked eye (<1mm)
• Microbiology

  • study of organisms that can exist as single cells
• Microbiology

  contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some

  part of their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that

  genome.
• Acanthurus lineatus


  the striped sturgeonfish; Epulopiscium & E. coli & Paramaecium
• Thiomargarita magnifica (2022)

  largest bacterium now; has an average cell

  length of 9000 μm (nearly a centimeter).

  This makes T. magnifica 50 times bigger than the old one
• T. namibiensis (1999)

  • used to be the largest bacterium 1800 μm
• science of microbiology revolves around two

  interconnected themes:

  1. (as a basic biological science) 2. (as an applied biological science)
• Importance of microorganisms

  1. first living organisms on planet
  2. live everywhere life is possible
  3. more numerous than any other kind of organisms
  4. global ecosystem depends on their activities
  5. influence human society in many ways
• Basic Microbiology


  Interest in specific group of microorganisms and

  their biology
• Scope of Basic Microbiology(vm pa po ba)

  virology

  mycology

  phycology

  protozoology

  bacteriology
• Virology


  viruses
• Mycology


  fungi
• Phycology


  algae
• Protozoology


  protozoa
• Bacteriology


  bacteria
• Applied Microbiology


  Applying our understanding of microbial life

  processes for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth
• Scope of Applied Microbiology (mime aphi)

  Medical Microbiology

  Immunology

  Public Health Microbiology

  Food & Dairy Microbiology

  Industrial Microbiology

  Agricultural Microbiology

  Microbial Ecology
• ethanol and CO2


  yeast fermentation yields - and -
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae


  the yeast responsible for making bread rise
• Ötzi the Iceman


  infected with Trichuris trichiura (caused abdominal pain and anemia)

  also possibly infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (caused Lyme disease)

  tried to treat his infections with Piptoporus betulinus (fungus)
• mal’aria

  attributed disease to bad air

  “miasmatic odors”
• Romans

  believed in the “miasma” hypothesis and created a complex sanitation

  infrastructure to deal with sewage.
• Cloaca Maxima

  giant sewer which Romans created to carry away the waste into the river Tiber
• Hippocrates

  "Father of Western Medicine"

  "disease is caused by agents in body or environment"

  "Believed to have written the Hippocratic corpus"
• Thucydides

  experienced plague of Athens

  "yung mga nagkakasakit na hinde na narereinfect" - concept of immunology
• Marcus Terentius Varro

  "precautions must be taken so that minute organisms will not cause disease"
• ubiquitous


  present, appearing, or found everywhere (referring to microorganisms)
• Zacharias Janssen (and his father) 1597

  invented the first compound microscope (3-10x)
• Athanasius Kircher

  first to observe microorganisms (20 years before Hooke’s observation; 29 years before van Leeuwenhoek)

  wrote a book chapter, in Latin: “Concerning the wonderful

  structure of things in nature, investigated by Microscope”.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1676)

  “wee animalcules”

  single lens microscope

  "FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY"
• Robert Hooke (1665)

  simple compound microscope (30x)

  “cells” in cork

  “elongated stalks” (first to observe fungi)

  fungi = miniature mushrooms

  book: "Micrographia"
• Spontaneous Generation Theory

  (Life emerges from non-living matter; “vital force” required)
• Biogenesis Theory

  (“Life begets life”)
• Francesco Redi (1668)

  "Father of Modern Parasitology"

  "Founder of Experimental Biology"

  supports biogenesis theory

  conducted a controlled experiment with wide-mouthed jars containing a piece of meat

  
  

  open jar, gauze-covered jar, and sealed jar
• John Needham (1745)

  supports spontaneous generation theory

  experiment: mutton broth in flask -> broth becomes cloudy due to growth of microorganisms
• Lazzaro Spallanzani (1768)

  idea of aseptic tehcniques & sterilization

  reperformed mutton broth in flask wherein after heating the flasks were covered with cork and after this, no microorganisms have grown

  however, Spontaneous Generation supporters claimed that air was required for the vital force to work!
• ALSO SUPPORTED BIOGENESIS

  1.Franz Schultze - passed air through strong acids

  2. Theodor Schwann – passed air through red-hot tubes

  experiments resulted to no growth of microorganisms

  however spontaneous generation supporters still claim that strong acids & heat alter the air so it cannot support microbial growth
• Franz Schultze

  supporter of biogenesis theory

  passed air through strong acids
• Theodor Schwann

  supporter of biogenesis theory

  passed air through red-hot tubes
• Georg Friedrich Schröder & Theodor von Dusch (1850)

  filtered air through sterile cotton wool

  result: no microbial growth

  
  

  
  

  air still introduced but this time sterile