Organ Systems Level

• Hormones are chemical messengers produced by various organs or tissues that regulate physiological processes throughout the body.
• The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
• The nervous system is responsible for receiving, integrating, interpreting, and responding to sensory information.
• The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to target cells and tissues where they exert their effects.
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males), pineal, thymus, hypothalamus, and placenta during pregnancy.
• Endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males), and pineal gland.
• The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes nerves outside the CNS.
• Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical signals called action potentials along their axon.
• The nervous system is responsible for receiving sensory input from the environment, processing information, and coordinating responses to stimuli through motor output.
• The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes nerves outside these structures.
• Pituitary Gland - Located at the base of the brain, it produces several important hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and antidiuretic hormone.
• The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia, while the endocrine system includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes, and hypothalamus.
• Glial cells support neuronal function and include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and Schwann cells.
• The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, ganglia, neuromuscular junctions, synapses, and neuroglia.
• The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consisting of all other neurons outside the CNS.
• Neurons are specialized nerve cells with three main parts: cell body, dendrites, and axon.
• The endocrine system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females), testes (in males), and pineal gland.
• Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.
• Nerves are composed of neurons, glial cells, and neuroglia.
• Glial cells support neuronal function by providing nutrients, insulation, protection, and structural support.
• Neurons have three main parts: dendrites, cell body, and axon.
• Dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sense organs.
• Sensory receptors detect stimuli from the environment or internal organs and convert them into neural impulses.
• Sensory neurons carry impulses toward the CNS, interneurons connect different parts of the CNS, and motor neurons carry impulses away from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands.
• Nerves can be classified based on structure, function, location, or other characteristics.
• Motor neurons carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands.
• Reflex arcs involve sensory receptors, sensory neurons, integrating centers, motor neurons, and effector organs.
• Thyroid Gland - Located in the neck, it produces thyroxine and calcitonin.
• Glial cells support neuronal function by providing structural support, insulation, nutrients, and waste removal.
• Parathyroid Glands - Four small glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
• Astrocytes form blood-brain barrier, regulate extracellular ion concentrations, and maintain homeostasis.
• There are three types of glial cells: astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells.
• Anatomy is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
• Anatomy involves studying the structure of body parts, their microscopic organization, development, relationships, and functions
• Basic approaches in anatomy include Systemic (body systems) and Regional (specific areas like head, abdomen)
• Surface Anatomy focuses on external features like bony projections, while Anatomical Imaging uses imaging samples like ultrasound and X-rays to evaluate internal structures
• Physiology deals with processes or functions of living things as an ever-changing organism
• Physiology aids in predicting body's responses to different stimuli and understanding how the body maintains homeostasis
• Subdivisions of physiology include cellular physiology and systemic physiology
• Human Physiology focuses on the study of the human body as a specific organism