MIDTERM slides

• normal kidney tubules

  
• early reversible injury of kidney tubules

  • swelling of cells
  • blebs
  • increased eosinophilia

  
• necrosis (irreversible injury) of kidney tubules

  loss of nuclei

  fragmentation of cells

  leakage of content

  
• (A) normal epithelial of kidney tubules with microvili

  (B) early injury

  • microvili are lost
  • blebls
  • mitochondria swollen

  (C) late injury

  • swollen mitochondria with calcium & proteins (electronically dense)
  • distrubted plasma membrane
  • fragmented and swollen organelles

  
• coagulative necrosis

  (A) kidney with infract

  (B) N- normal kidney

  I- infract:

  • perserved cellular outline
  • loss of nuclei
  • nuclei of inflammatory cells in between necrotic tubules

  
• liquefactive necrosis in the brain showing dissoution of brain tissue

  
• fat necrosis in the mesentry

  chalk-white deposits (sponification)

  
• caseous necrosis

  tuberculosis of the lung

  cheesy looking debris

  
• fibrinoid necrosis in the artery

  bright pink area of necrosis

  inflammation (neutrophils with dark nuclei)

  
• apoptosis

  (A) epidermal cell

  • cell is reduced in size
  • condensed nucleus
  • eosinophilic cytoplasm

  (B) cultured cell

  compacted chromatin

  
• apoptosis of cultured cells

  1. blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies
  2. nuclear fragmentation
  3. activation of caspase-3

  
• physiological hypertrophy


  (A) normal and gravit uterus

  (B) spindle shaped smooth muscles in normal uterus

  (C) large plump cells in gravit uterus

  
• atrophy


  (A) normal brain

  (B) atrophy of brain in artheroscleratoic cerebrovascular disease

  • reduced blood supply
  • narrow gyri
  • widened sulci

  
• metaplasia


  coloumnar to squamous metaplasia in bronchus

  
• fat accummulation 


  fatty liver

  fat vacoules

  nucleas is squeeze into displaced rim

  
• cholestereolosis


  in the gallbladder

  macrophages (foam cells, arrow)

  
• protein accummulation


  protein reabsorbed in the renal tubular epithelium

  
• lipofuscin granules 


  deposits of lipofuscin

  intralysosomal and perinuclear

  cardiac myocytes

  
• dystrophic calcification


  in aortic valves

  stenosis (valves are narrowed)

  semilunar cusps are thickened and has deposits of calcification

  
• neutrophil extracellular traps 


  release of nuclear materials from neutrophils to form extracellular traps

  
• serous inflammation


  skin blister

  epidermis seperated from dermis

  serious effusion

  
• fibrinous pericarditis 


  (A) deposits of fibrin in pericardium

  (B) fibrin exudate (F)

  
• pruluent inflammation


  (A) bacterial abscess (arrows) in lungs, bronchopuemonia.

  (B) neutrophils with cellular debris and congested blood vessels

  
• dudonenal ulcer


  (B) ulcer crater with inflammatory exudate

  
• chronic inflammation 


  in the lung

  collection of inflammatory cells

  alveoli replaced by spaces lined by cuboidal epithelium

  fibrosis (replcaememnt by connective tissure)

  
• acute inflammation


  in the lung

  neutrophils fill the alveolar spaces

  blood vessels are congested