learning

• learning is a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional as functioning, skill and behavior as a result of exposure to different experiences.
• learning is a lifelong dynamic process by which individuals acquire new knowledge
• learning theories is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe or predict how people learn.
• behaviorist learning theory- what is directly observable
• respondent conditioning is termed as association, classical conditioning or pavlovian conditioning.
• respondent conditioning emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process.
• neutral stimulus has no special value or meaning to the learner.
• neutral stimulus is paired with naturally occuring unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response.
• unconditioned stimulus stimulates the person
• systematic desensitization is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety.
• operant conditioning is developed by B.F Skinner
• operant conditioning focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after response.
• positive reinforcement is an an application of a pleasant stimulus.
• reward conditioning is a pleasant stimulus applied following an organism's response.
• negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
• escape conditioning happens when an unpleasant stimulus is applied, and the organism make a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease.
• avoidance conditioning is when an unpleasant stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event.
• non reinforcement is an organisms conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement (positive, negative, or punishment)
• punishment is following an unpleasant stimulus that the organism cant escape or avoid.
• cognitive learning theory is when behaviorists generally ignore the internal dynamics of learning.
• cognitive learning theory stress the importance of what goes or inside the learner
• the key to learning and changing is the individual's cognition. (perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing)
• jean piaget is the best known of the cognitive developmental theorists
• jean piaget's observations of children's perceptions and thought have process at different ages have contributed much to our recognition of the unique, changing abilities of youngsters to reason and perform.
• jean piaget identified four sequential stages
• sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations are the four sequential stages.
• social learning theory is largely based on the work of albert bandura.
• albert bandura mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the learner, behavior pattern, and the environment.
• one of bandura's early observation was that individuals do not need to have direct experiences to learn.
• considerable learning occurs by taking note of other people's behavior and what happens to them.
• role modeling is a central concept of social learning theory.
• armstrong emphasizes that to facilitate learning role models need to be enthusiastic, caring, knowledgeable, and good communicator.
• vicarious reinforcement involves determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished fo their behavior.
• 4 steps of social learning theory are attentional phase, retention phase, reproduction phase, and motivational phase.\
• attentional phase is the observation of the model.
• retention phase is the processing and representation in memory
• motivational phase is influenced by a vicarious reinforcement and punishment. it coverts cognitive activity, consequences or behavior, and self- reinforcement and punishment.