Ireland

• Gerald Fitzgerald (Earl of Kildare) had governed Ireland on Henry's behalf but was dismissed due to the 'Butler Feud' (an ongoing quarrel with other families in Ireland) and him not proving loyal enough to Henry.
• A rebellion in 1534, started by Kildare's son the Earl of Ossory, proved difficult to suppress.
• The subsequent attempt to bring Irish Government more directly under English control failed, and Ireland became an increasing expense to the Crown.
• An invasion of the Pale by 2 Irish nobles (O'Neill & O'Donnell) in 1539 was eventually controlled, and the government tried to pacify Ireland.
• It was established as a separate kingdom in 1541 - under English law.
• counties were created out of the Gaelic Lordships
• Irish nobles were granted peerage titles and given the same legal protection as their English counterparts.
• However, the government lacked the resources to follow through with reforms, there was no residual Irish loyalty to the English Crown, and after 1534 the emerging religious differences between England and Ireland complicated the situation