MLSP LEC (Week 3)

• It is the act of opening a vein by using incision or puncture methods yo draw blood for analysis or as part of therapeutic or diagnostic measures under the physician's request.

  Phlebotomy
• Phlebos means...


  Vein
• Temnein means...


  To cut
• What are the techniques for bloodletting?

  Cupping, Leeching, Barber Surgery
• It is the application of special heated suction cups on the patient's skin.

  Cupping
• Incision in "Cupping" is done using a ...

  Fleam or Lancet
• What is the other term for Leeching?

  Hirudotherapy
• Evolution of Phlebotomy:

  • Stone Age: used crude tools to cut vessels and drain blood from the body
  • Ancient Egyptians: practiced "Bloodletting" around 1400 B.C.
  • Hippocrates: balanced the four humors by removing excess through bloodletting
  • Middle Ages: used for treating illnesses by barber surgeons
  • 17th and 18th century: considered a major therapy
• Roles of Phlebotomist:

  • Collect blood samples from patients for laboratory testing and blood transfusion
  • Responsible for delivering or transporting collected samples within prescribed time limits
  • Some institutions process collected blood samples by centrifuging and aliquoting samples ready for testing
• Patient-Client Interaction:

  • Reassuring and pleasant communication
  • Ability to communicate well
  • Maintaining positive customer relations
  • Understanding patient diversity and adjusting accordingly
• Qualities of Professionalism:

  • Professional appearance
  • Self-confidence
  • Integrity
  • Compassion
  • Self-motivation
  • Dependability
  • Ethical Behavior
• Communication in Healthcare Setting:

  • Verbal Communication
  • Nonverbal Communication
  • Active listening
  • Elements in Healthcare Communication: Empathy, Confirmation, Control, Trust, Respect
• Clinical Analysis Areas and Types of Procedures:

  • Anatomical and Surgical Pathology area: handles tests related to histology, cytology, and cytogenetics
  • Clinical analysis area subdivided into seven areas: Hematology, Coagulation, Chemistry, Serology/Immunology, Urinalysis, Microbiology, Blood Bank/Immunohematology
• Hematology:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, such as Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Red Blood Cell count, White Blood Cell count, Platelet count, Differential White Count, Indices, Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin, Mean Corpuscular volume, Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, Red blood distribution width
• Coagulation:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, like Activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, Fibrin split products, Fibrinogen, Prothrombin Time or International Normalized Ratio
• Chemistry:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, including Alanine amino transferase, Alpha-fetoprotein, Alkaline phosphatase, Ammonia, Amylase, Aspartate amino-transferase, Bilirubin, Blood Gases, Blood Urea Nitrogen, B-type natriuretic peptide
• Immunology/Serology:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, such as Antinuclear antibody, Antistreptolysin-O titer, Cold agglutinins, Febrile agglutinins, FTA-ABS, Rapid plasma Reagin, Rheumatoid factor
• Urinalysis:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, like Physical Evaluation, Chemical Evaluation, Microscopic Evaluation
• Microbiology:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, such as Acid-fast bacilli, Blood culture, CLO test, Culture & Sensitivity, Fungus culture and identification, Gram stain, Occult blood, Ova and parasites
• Blood banking/Immunohematology:

  • Examples of tests and procedures and what they determine, including Antibody screen, Direct antihuman globulin test, Type and RH, Type and crossmatch, Compatibility testing
• STAT Laboratory Tests:

  • Established in the emergency room
• Reference Laboratories:

  • Large independent laboratories that receive specimens from many facilities in the area
  • Provide routine and specialized analysis of specimens
  • Offer fast turnaround time and reduced cost
• Checks the hemoglobin level and the red cell count


  Hematocrit (Hct)
• Tests the value to rule out anemia


  Hemoglobin (Hgb)
• Used to measure the erythropoietic activity


  Red Blood Cell (RBC)
• Checks the leukocyte response


  White Blood Cell (WBC)
• It is usually used to monitor chemotherapy and radiation conditions


  Platelet
• Monitors changes in the appearance or quantity of specific cell types

  Differential White Count
• Shows the changes in RBC size, weight and Hgb content


  RBC Indices
• Gives the weight of the hemoglobin in the cell


  Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
• Shows the size of the cell


  Mean Corpuscular Volume
• Gives information on the concentration of the hemoglobin per unit voljme of RBC's


  Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
• Measures the size differences of the RBCs


  Red Blood Distribution Width
• Reflects the adequacy of hdrapin therapy

  Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
• Evaluates liver disease or deficiencies in Vitamin K

  Prothrombin Time or International Normalized Ratio