social and economic discrimination

• Economic DiscriminationEmployment Disparities

  • Systematic Discrimination:
  • Prejudiced Employers: Many employers, due to pre-existing biases, were unwilling to hire African Americans, especially for skilled or managerial positions.
• Economic DiscriminationEmployment Disparities

  • Systematic Discrimination:
  • Agency Biases: Employment agencies often directed African Americans towards lower-paying and less prestigious jobs, irrespective of their skills or qualifications.
• Economic DiscriminationEmployment Disparities

  • Systematic Discrimination:
  • Union Barriers: Discrimination within trade unions meant limited access for African Americans to better job opportunities, training programmes, and networking events.
• Economic DiscriminationEmployment Disparities

  • Wage Disparities:
  • Inequal Pay: African Americans, when they found employment, typically earned significantly less than their white counterparts for the same roles.
• Economic DiscriminationEmployment Disparities

  • Wage Disparities:
  • Gender Intersectionality: African American women were particularly disadvantaged, grappling with both racial and gender wage disparities.
• Housing Disparities

  • Redlining:
  • Lending Biases: Financial institutions, including banks and mortgage lenders, often designated predominantly African American neighbourhoods as "high risk." This red marking made it difficult for residents in these areas to secure loans, suppressing property values and economic growth.
• Housing Disparities

  • Redlining:
  • Investment Drought: Due to redlining, these neighbourhoods saw a lack of public and private investment, leading to infrastructural decline and stagnation.
• • Restrictive Covenants:
  • Sales Limitations: These contractual clauses prohibited homeowners from selling property to African Americans, curtailing their mobility and reinforcing segregation.
• • Restrictive Covenants:
  • Neighbourhood Exclusion: The covenants perpetuated predominantly white neighbourhoods, depriving African Americans of better amenities and opportunities.
• • White Flight:
  • Migration Patterns: As African Americans moved into urban areas in search of opportunities, many white residents relocated to suburbs, depleting urban areas of socio-economic vitality.
• • White Flight:
  • Economic Shift: This migration meant a significant portion of the economic resources, jobs, and business opportunities shifted away from cities, leading to urban decay.
• Healthcare

  • Access to Care:
  • Segregated Hospitals: African Americans had limited choices in healthcare facilities. Predominantly black hospitals were underfunded, lacked modern equipment, and often had fewer qualified medical personnel.
• Healthcare

  • Access to Care:
  • Preventive Care: Preventive healthcare measures and community health initiatives were scarcely available to African American communities, leading to health disparities.
• Healthcare

  • Disparities in Treatment:
  • Bias in Care: Even in hospitals that were not overtly segregated, African Americans faced discrimination, receiving inferior care or facing longer wait times.
• Healthcare

  • Disparities in Treatment:
  • Research Neglect: Medical research often neglected ailments predominantly affecting African American communities.
• Education

  • Funding Imbalances:
  • Resource Scarcity: Schools predominantly for African Americans operated with significantly smaller budgets, leading to overcrowded classrooms, outdated materials, and limited extracurricular opportunities.
• Education

  • Funding Imbalances:
  • Teacher Shortages: These schools often struggled to attract and retain quality teachers due to lower salaries and limited resources.
• Education

  • Curriculum Biases:
  • Erasure of History: Textbooks and curricula in schools frequently marginalised or completely omitted significant African American historical events, achievements, and figures.
• Education

  • Curriculum Biases:
  • Cultural Ignorance: A lack of diverse representation in study materials further reinforced stereotypes and deprived students of a well-rounded education.
• Public Services

  • Segregated Facilities:
  • Inferior Amenities: African Americans had access to separate and often substandard facilities ranging from water fountains to libraries.
• Public Services

  • Segregated Facilities:
  • Recreation and Culture: Playgrounds, theatres, and public parks designated for African Americans were fewer, smaller, and poorly maintained.