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• Statistical treatment of data


  a process used to convert raw data into something interpretable.
• instrumentation


  is the course of action (the process of developing, testing, and using the device).
• Set A literature reviews


  provide a time-based overview of the current state of knowledge about a phenomenon and suggest directions for future research.
• Instrument


  is the general term that researchers use for a measurement device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.). the instrument is the device
• State of the art


  describes the current knowledge about the studied matter through the analysis of similar or related published work.
• Alternative hypothesis


  states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.
• Null hypothesis


  of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables.
• Research hypothesis


  a statement that introduces a research question and proposes an expected result. It is an integral part of the scientific method that forms the basis of scientific experiments.
• Conceptual framework


  something you can develop yourself based on this theory
• Theoretical framework


  a study is based on an existing theory or theories
• Quantitative research design


  utilizes deductive reasoning, which begins with identifying the theoretical framework that will provide structure and guide the research project
• theoretical framework


  presented in the early sections of a quantitative research proposal to establish the grounds for the study.
• Control variables


  - these are variables that are held constant so that they don't interfere with the results
• Moderating variable


  alter the effect that an independent variable has on a dependent variable. It change the "effect" component of the cause-and-effect relationship.
• Mediating variables


  link the independent and dependent variables, allowing the relationship between them to be better explained.
• Identify other influencing variables


  It's crucial to identify other variables that can influence the relationship between your independent and dependent variables early in your research process.
• Visualize your cause-and-effect relationship


  Now that you've figured out your research question and variables, the first step in designing your conceptual framework is
• Select your independent and dependent variables


  In order to move forward with your research question and test a cause-and-effect relationship, you must first identify at least two key variables
• Choose your research question


  guides your work by determining exactly what you want to find out, giving your research process a clear focus.
• conceptual framework


  illustrate the expected relationship between your variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions.
• Literature


  knowledge acquired from reading or studying books
• literatura


  the use of letters" or "writing."
• Criticism


  the act of giving your opinion or judgment about the good or bad qualities of something or someone, especially books, films.
• Literary Criticism


  practice of studying, evaluating, and interpreting works of literature and Provides a broader philosophical framework for how to analyze literature, literary criticism offers readers new ways to understand an author's work.
• Literary criticism expands your worldview.

  examining works of literature through different approaches to literary criticism, you expand your understanding of the world around you.
• Literary criticism helps you better understand literature.

  give you the tools to study, evaluate, and interpret literary works like novels, short stories, and poems.
• Literary criticism creates opportunities for new styles of writing.

  the practice of literary criticism creates space and context for authors to create works of literature that push boundaries and break new creative ground.
• Formalism Approach


  Refers to a style of inquiry that focuses, almost exclusively, on features of the literary text itself, to the exclusion of biographical, historical, or intellectual contexts.
• Ivor Armstrong Richards


  was an influential literary critic and rhetorician who is often cited as the founder of an Anglophone school of Formalist criticism
• Victor Shklovsky


  • founding member of the Society for the Study of Poetic Language, one of the two schools of Russian Formalism and introduced "defamiliarization
• Boris Eichenbaum


  He defined formalism as an effort to create an "independent science of literature" that focuses only on the literary material.
• Roman Jakobson


  • His most important contribution to formalism is the concept of literariness, which distinguished the poetic or literary language from normal discourse.
• Structuralism Approach


  Connects the work of a particular author with works of similar structures and a way of understanding culture and meaning in the arts by relating the individual piece of art,
• Ferdinand de Saussure


  Father of Structuralism
• structural linguistics'


  Structuralism comes from a branch of language study called
• Moralism Approach


  - A type of literary critique that judges the value of the literature based on its moral lessons or ethical teachings.
• 360 BC


  date of a moralism when its crated
• Plato


  A guy that created moralist literary criticism
• Socrates


  a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.,
• John Gregory


  - was an eighteenth-century Scottish Enlightenment physician, medical writer and moralist