PSTHE

• Plato believe in nativism
• Plato also believed that knowledge is inherited
• Plato also believed the natural or innate component of human mind
• Plato and Aristotle emphasized the role of the mind in acquiring knowledge
• Aristotle was called empiricist
• Aristotle focused on sensory information as the basis of knowledge
• Law of similarity - recall of the similar objects
• Law of contrast - recall of things that are opposite
• Law of contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with a previous one
• Rene Descarte - studied the relationship between mind and body
• According to Rene Discarte, mind can initiate behavior
• John Locke - the infant's mid at birth is a tabula rasa
• Tabula rasa means there's nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses, except the mind itself
• Franz Joseph Gall - examined the shape of the skull
• Franz Joseph Gall - the faculties are located in specific parts of the brain
• Franz Joseph Gall - called phrenology
• Charles Darwin - introduced the theory of evolution
• Charles Darwin - perceived that human being as a combination of biological heritage and human experience
• Herman Ebbinghaus - learning and memory can be studied experimentally
• Herman Ebbinghaus is famous for nonsense materials
• Learning is the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change of behavior
• Learning means gaining of knowledge or skills
• Theory is a set of interrelated constructs, concepts, principles, and hypothesis which attempts to explain. Predicts or controls set of phenomenon
• Behavior of the teacher is the cause, learning of the student is the effect
• Motivation - stimulus from the environment
• Goal - achieved from the strengthening of expectancy
• Readiness - depends on training, experience and heredity
• Physiological factor - maturation of sense organs
• Psychological factors - motives, emotional factors, self concept
• Experiental factors - previously learned skills, concept
• Obstacle - an occasion for learning new modes of adjustment, served as a challenge
• Response - actions or behavioral tendencies according to one's interpretation of the situation
• Learning curve is a graphic device showing the quality of subject's performance after successive unit of practice
• Types of learning curve: positively accelerated and negatively accelerated
• Positively accelerated - performance increase every trial
• Negatively accelerated - performance slows down or decreases for every trials
• Simple response - the least complicated kind of learning
• Muscular habits - called motor learning
• Perceptual responses - symbolic interpretation involves past experiences
• Motives - are learned through the process of contending with the world in which we were born