Carbon

• Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
• Carbon contains four electrons in its valence shell and always forms covalent bonds
• Allotropes of carbon are diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene
• Amorphous forms of carbon include charcoal, lampblack or soot, coal, and coke
• Catenation is the ability of carbon to combine with itself through covalent bonds
• Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen
• Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds with straight or branched chain structures
• Aromatic compounds contain a ring system and have a characteristic odor
• Structural isomerism refers to organic compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
• Functional groups in carbon compounds include Halo- (Chloro/Bromo), Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, and Carboxylic acid
• A homologous series is a series of carbon compounds with the same functional group but different numbers of carbon atoms
• In IUPAC nomenclature, the names of organic compounds are correlated with their structures
• Chemical properties of carbon compounds include combustion, oxidation, addition, and substitution reactions
• Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature, a good solvent, and soluble in water
• Acetic acid is a weak acid, reacts with alcohols to form esters, and reacts with bases to form salts
• Soaps are prepared by reacting oil/fats with sodium hydroxide, while detergents are prepared by treating hydrocarbons with concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
• The cleansing action of soaps and detergents is due to their hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends forming micelles in water
• Detergents have advantages over soaps in terms of cleaning efficiency in hard water, solubility, and cleansing action