Paper 1 (checklist)

• What are the key bones in the head/neck area?

  Cranium, Vertebrae
• Which bones are found in the shoulder area?

  Scapula, Humerus
• What bones are located in the chest area?

  Ribs, Sternum
• Which bones are associated with the elbow?

  Humerus, Radius, Ulna
• What bones are found in the hip area?

  Pelvis, Femur
• Which bones are associated with the knee?

  Femur, Tibia (+ Patella sits in front)
• What bones are found in the ankle?

  Tibia, Fibula, Talus
• What is a mnemonic to remember elbow bones?

  • "HRU" – Humerus, Radius, Ulna
• What is a mnemonic for ankle bones?

  • "The Funny Toe" – Tibia, Fibula, Talus
• How do bones contribute to movement at joints?

  Bones join to form joints for movement
• What type of movements do long bones facilitate?

  Gross movements like running
• What type of movements do short bones facilitate?

  Fine movements like typing
• What is the function of flat bones?

  Protect organs
• How do joints affect movement?

  They allow different types of movement
• What role do muscles play in movement?

  Muscles pull on bones to create movement
• What is one function of the skeleton related to support?

  Framework holding body upright
• How do flat bones protect organs?

  By providing a shield-like structure
• How do muscles contribute to movement in sports?

  Muscles pull on bones during activities
• How does the skeleton determine body shape?

  It determines posture and body type
• What is the role of mineral storage in the skeleton?

  Stores calcium and phosphorus for strength
• What is the function of blood cell production in bones?

  Bone marrow makes red cells
• How does the latissimus dorsi muscle function?

  Pulls arms back, e.g., rowing
• What is the action of the deltoid muscle?

  Lifts arm
• What is the role of the rotator cuff muscle?

  Stabilises shoulder
• What action do pectorals perform?

  Brings arms forward, e.g., push-up
• What is the function of the biceps muscle?

  Bends elbow
• What does the triceps muscle do?

  Straightens elbow
• What is the action of the abdominals muscle?

  Bends spine forward
• What do hip flexors do?

  Raise leg, e.g., sprinting
• What is the function of gluteals?

  Extend hip, e.g., running
• What action do hamstrings perform?

  Bends knee
• What is the function of quadriceps?

  Straightens knee
• What does the gastrocnemius muscle do?

  Points toes (plantar flexion)
• What is the action of the tibialis anterior muscle?

  Raises toes (dorsiflexion)
• What do tendons do?

  Attach muscles to bones
• What are synovial joints?

  Freely moveable joints
• What are the components of a synovial joint?

  • Cartilage: Covers bones, prevents friction
  • Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, keeps joint stable
  • Tendons: Connect muscle to bone
  • Synovial membrane: Produces synovial fluid
  • Synovial fluid: Lubricates joint
  • Joint capsule: Holds joint together
  • Bursae: Reduce friction
• What is the function of cartilage in a synovial joint?

  Covers bones, prevents friction
• What do ligaments do in a synovial joint?

  Connect bone to bone, keeps joint stable
• What is the role of synovial fluid?

  Lubricates joint