chemistry - bonding

• • 1st shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
• • 2nd shell onwards can hold a maximum of 8 electrons
• • The group the element is in is the same as how many electrons they have in the outer shell!
• The previous shell must be full before we fill the next shell
• • If an atom loses an electron it becomes a positive ion
• • If an atom gains an electron it becomes a negative ion
• 1. Write down the ions of the elements involved
  2. Drop the number and ignore the charge
  3. Swap the numbers over (cancel if possible)
• 1. Metals are monoatomic – so are alone
• 2. Oxygen exists as a diatomic molecules (in pairs)
• • Ionic substances exist as a giant ionic lattice
• ionic lattice properties: high Melting Point, can dissolve , it can conduct if it is a liquid.
• Covalent bonding is the sharing of a pair of electrons between non-metals
• The shared electrons mean that the outer shells can be filled (from 6 electrons to 8 electrons)
• Graphite’s Key Properties

  • Made of carbon 
  • 3 C-C bonds
• Diamond’s Key Properties

  • Made of carbon
  • 4 C-C bonds
• • Metallic bonding is the bonding in a metal
• Properties of Metallic Structures

  • Metallic substances exist as a lattice of positive ions