Chapter 9

• Reactant ---> Product (forward reaction)
• Reactant <--- Product (backward reaction)
• If more reactants are added, the equilibrium shifts towards products.
• irreversible is when the reaction doesnt change back
• reversible is when the reaction is able to change back
• Haber process : N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3 (Os = Catalyst)
• Reversible hydration of salts : CuSO4 . 5H2O ---> CuSO4 + 5H2O
• Esterification : CH3COOH + C2H3OH ⇌ CH3COOC2H2 + H2O
• Temperature of equilibrium : 2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3
• Temperature increases, It is endothermic
• Temperature decreases, it is exothermic
• Pressure increase, gas molecules decrease
• Pressure decrease, gas molecules increase
• Concentration increase, decrease of substance
• Concentration decrease, increase of substance
• The haber process is used to create ammonia
• Haber process should have low temperature and high pressure
• Favourable conditions for haber process

  1. Temperature : 450 C
  2. Pressure : 20,000 Pa
  3. Catalyst : Fe (Iron)
  4. N2 & H2 ratio : 1:3
• Ammonia is used as a fertiliser and in the production of explosives.
• Fertilizers are substances that are added to soil to replace essential elements, lost when crops grow faster and increase yield
• Contact process is the industrial process for making sulfuric acid
• Contact process :

  • S + O2 --> SO2
  • 2SO2 + O2 --> 2SO
  • SO3 + H2SO4 --> H2S2O7
• Contact process conditions :

  1. Temperature : 450 C
  2. Pressure : 20,000 Pa
  3. Catalyst : V2O5
• Haber process equations :

  • N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3
  • CH4 + H2O --> CO + H2
  • CO + H2O --> CO2 + H2
  • C2H6 --> C2H4 + H2