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IGCSES โจ๏ธ
chemistry ๐งช
Chapter 9
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Reactant ---> Product (
forward
reaction)
Reactant <--- Product (
backward
reaction)
If more reactants are added, the equilibrium shifts towards
products.
irreversible
is when the
reaction doesnt change back
reversible
is when the
reaction
is
able to change back
Haber process :
N2
+
3H2
โ
2NH3
(Os =
Catalyst
)
Reversible hydration of salts :
CuSO4
.
5H2O
--->
CuSO4
+
5H2O
Esterification :
CH3COOH
+
C2H3OH
โ
CH3COOC2H2
+
H2O
Temperature of equilibrium :
2SO2
+
O2
โ
2SO3
Temperature increases, It is
endothermic
Temperature
decreases
, it is
exothermic
Pressure
increase
, gas molecules
decrease
Pressure
decrease
, gas molecules
increase
Concentration
increase
,
decrease
of substance
Concentration
decrease
,
increase
of substance
The
haber
process is used to create
ammonia
Haber process should have
low
temperature and
high
pressure
Favourable conditions for haber process
Temperature :
450
C
Pressure :
20,000
Pa
Catalyst :
Fe
(
Iron
)
N2 & H2 ratio :
1
:
3
Ammonia
is used as a
fertiliser
and in the production of
explosives.
Fertilizers
are substances that are added to
soil
to replace
essential
elements, lost when
crops
grow
faster
and increase
yield
Contact process
is the industrial process for making sulfuric acid
Contact process :
S + O2 -->
SO2
2SO2
+ O2 -->
2SO
SO3
+ H2SO4 -->
H2S2O7
Contact process conditions :
Temperature :
450
C
Pressure :
20,000
Pa
Catalyst :
V2O5
Haber process equations :
N2 +
3H2
โ
2NH3
CH4
+
H2O
-->
CO
+
H2
CO +
H2O
-->
CO2
+ H2
C2H6
--> C2H4 +
H2