march of progress

• Y+M 


  family in Britain has developed in 3 stages
• pre-industrial family (pre 1750) Y+M


  -unit of production live where you work

  -agriculture/cottage industry

  -extended family common
• early industrial family (1750-1900) Y+M

  -mass production of consumer items

  -major growth of towns and cities

  -men work in factories women stay home (segregated conjugual roles) (division of labour)
• symmetrical family (1960+) Y+M

  -nuclear family more common

  -home centred and privatised

  -joint conjugal roles

  -both breadwinners
• bethnal green, east london 1950s Y+M

  -traditional working class area

  -extended family lived close by

  -close mother daughter relationships help with domestic life

  -women do housework men are breadwinners
• Greenleigh, Essex 1970s Y+M


  -families from bethnal green to greenleigh a new council estate

  -home centered nuclear family, isolated, privatised

  -shared decision making

  -joint conjugal roles-symmetrical

  -role of husband and wife becoming similar
• what caused symmetrical family?

  -changes in womens position-career

  -geographical mobility

  -technology make houswork easier

  -higher standard of living 5 day week opposed to 6/7
• stratified diffusion


  -development of family has occured through a process of stratified diffusion

  -new ideas of family life start in higher social classes and gradually filtered down to lower class
• gershuny support of Y+M

  women still retain primary responsibility for domestic labour but men are slowly taking more responsibility
• pahl (1984) support of Y+M


  the more a woman was employed outside the home the more domestic work is shared
• oakley critique of Y+M


  -dark side or marriage

  -methodological sloppiness- help is a subjective word
• pahl (1993) support of Y+M


  -couples organising finance together as both breadwinners
• brayfield critique of Y+M


  -women have greater responsibility than men in domestic tasks even if they work full time (dual burden/triple shift)
• coltrane critique of Y+M

  men did less housework when children are borm
• jones critique of Y+M

  -Y+M assumed childcare was a womens role so didnt ask questions about it-sexist, impositional bias
• symmetrical


  sense of balance
• Pahls 4 ways of organising money 


  -husband controlled pooling: both partners pool their cash together but husband controls the finance common in higher income familes

  -wife controlled pooling: both partners pool their cash together but wife controls the finance common in middle income family

  -husband controlled: husband is sole breadwinner pays wife a fixed sum for housekeeping/domestic labour

  -wife controlled: income from welfare state but wife responsible for bills
• edgell financial decision making


  -men make major financial decisions: infrequent (5-10 years)

  -women make minor financial decisions frequent basis daily
• conjugal roles

  the domestic division of labour
• Breen and cooke 3 types of women

  -traditional women: traditional gender ideology takes on majority of domestic tasks even if their a breadwinner themself

  -transitional women: work full time when single but after marriage stay at home then return to part time employment when kids grown up

  -autonomous women: focused on career
• breen & cooke 3 types of men

  -hardliners: rather divorce than domestic tasks and childcare

  -adjusters: prefers not to do domestic work, but does it to avoid breaking up family through divorce

  -cooperaters: small proportion of men who are willing to participate fully in unpaid domestic tasks
• dysfunctions of the family- Vogel & Bell

  -argues family is dysfunctional

  -usa study of middle class families with emotionally disturbed children...found conflicts between parents was pushed onto children

  -kids are used as emotional scapegoats by parents to relieve stress kids were blamed for their personal issues
• dysfunctions of the family- leach


  -nuclear family is isolated from other kin

  -no longer recieve support from extended family

  -nuclear family has to be more independant and inward looking for help

  -places more emotional stress on members

  -the family becomes overloaded with stress
• dysfunctions of the family-R.D Laing

  -study of nuclear families with a schizophrenic child

  -kids get caught up in the middle of parental arguments tennis ball

  -high expectations from parents are pushed onto the kids ie school increase stress causes schizophrenia
• dysfunctions of the family- cooper

  -family restricts individual freedom

  -too much pressure/tension on kids leads to them rebelling parents

  -explode like a jack in the box
• dysfunctions of the family:dobash &dobash

  -interviews- female victims of domestic violence

  -hidden crime (crime statistics)

  -3 women + 2 children a week are killed in the home