Pathology

Created by

Matt Louise

Cards (46)

What is Osteoarthritis? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Painful degenerative condition
Description of Osteoarthritis
painful degenerative condition that affects the joints especially the hips, knees, neck, lower back or hands and feet
How does osteoarthritis affect the body?
cartilages becomes thinner. more strain on the adjacent bone resulting in damage. Joints can become painful and swollen as the body tries to repair the damage.
Pain, stiffness and reduced movement.
Typical patient group affected by osteoarthritis
Joint overuse
family history
typically older people
women than men
Appearances on xray images for OA
Joint space narrowing
change in appearance of cortical outline
osteophyte formation
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Autoimmune inflammatory disease
Description of Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic autoimmune disease which predominantly affects synovial tissue and joints. Immune system targets the synovium (mistakenly)
leads to inflammation, pain and joint damage
How does rheumatoid arthritis affects the body
Joint pain, swelling and stiffness
tiredness / and aches and pain
Fatigue fever and weight loss
Typical patient group for rheumatoid arthritis
More common in women than men aged 30 - 40
Obesity
Smokers
Appearances on Xray for rheumatoid arthritis
Sever joint space narrowing
Erosions on joint spaces (Hands and feet)
Subluxation
Ankylosis (joint fusion)
What is Paget's Disease? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Chronic bone disorder
Description of Paget's Disease
Excessive, Bone remodelling causes it to become abnormally large but weak and deformed
How does Paget's Disease affect the body?
Presentation may be asymptomatic
Increased pain and tenderness
Increased in temperature at affected site
Increased in bone size
Bowing deformities of the bone
Kyphosis
Decreased range of motion
Bones become larger and weaker meaning higher chance of fracture
Typical patient group for Paget's Disease
seen in older patients >40 but >80 for most
more common in males
Higher prevalance in european countries or historic migration from UK
Appearances on Xray images for Paget's Disease
Early osteolytic stage;
radiolucent lesions
Later staged;
cotton wool appearance
coarsened trabeculae and bony enlargement
sclerotic changes
Description of Pneumothorax
Presence of air in the pleural cavity and can lead to lung collapse.
gas expands it, putting pressure on the mediastinum. Life threathening
How does Pneumothorax affects the body
SOB
Tachycardia
Hypotension.
Pleuritic chest pain
tachypnea
Typical age group for pneumothorax
Tall long thin males (late teens or early 20s)
Secondary Pneumothorax;
Patients with underlying lung disease, COPD, Asthma, tubercolosis cystic fibrosis
Appearances in Xray for pneumothorax
Collapsed lung (visibly smaller lung on affected side due to lost of lung volume)
Visible pleural line (white line)
Hyperlucency
Shift of mediastinum
Description of Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space when over 300ml
can be caused by various condition such as heart failure, infection, malignancies or pulmonary embolism
How does pleural effusion affect the body?
SOB
chest pain
dry cough
Cyanosis
Typical patient group for pleural effusion
Heart failure patients
Cancer patients (especially lung / breast Cancer)
infection patients (pneumonia / TB)
Trauma PT
PT with liver or kidney diseases (causing fluid retention)
Appearances of Xray for Pleural effusion
Blunting of costophrenic angle due to its fluid accumulation
Meniscus sign (fluid level forms a curved, concave shape at the pleural space)
Shifting of mediastinum due to pressure form teh accumulated fluid
What is Osteosarcoma? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Primary Malignant bone tumour
Description of Osteosarcoma
Typically affecting the long bones. It arises from osteoblast, leading to aggressive bone destruction and abnormal new bone formation
How does Osteosarcoma affect the body
Swelling and tenderness
Bone pain
Limited joint movement
Pathological fracture
Weight loss and fatigue
Lung metastasis
Typical patient group for Osteosarcoma
Adolescents and young adults (10 to 25 year old)
More common in males than in women
Appearances in Xray for Osteosarcoma
Sunburst pattern
Mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions (areas of bone destruction and abnormal bone formation)
Moth eaten appearance
What is Multiple myeloma? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Malignant cancer of plasma cell in the bone marrow
Description of multiple myeloma
Cancer that leads to abnormal antibody production, bone destruction and organ dysfunction
How does multiple myeloma affect the body
Bone pain (especially the back and ribs, worsened with movement)
Pathological fractures
Fatigue and weakness
Renal failure due to protein desposition
Hypercalcemia symtoms (Thirst, confusion, constipation)
Typical patient group for multiple myeloma
60 - 70 y/o
More common in male than female
Higher prevalence in african american
Appearance in Xray for multiple myeloma
Vertebral compression
No periosteal reaction or sclerosis
Diffuse osteopenia
Multiple punched out lytic lesions
What is Osteoporosis? (Disease, Disorder, Tumour)
Chronic bone disease
Description of Osteoporosis
Diseased characterized by low mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk.
imbalance between bone resorption and formation
How does osteoporosis affects the body
typically asymtomatic
lost of height
increased fracture
Kyphosis
Back pain
Typical age group fo osteoporosis
Postmenopausal women ( estrogen deficiency)
> 65 y/o
smokers
low vit D / calcium intake
Prolonged corticosteroid use
Appearance in Xray for osteoporosis
Generalised osteopenia (bones appear to be thin and radiolucent)
Trabecular thinning (less dense and fragile)
vertebral compression
Loss of cortical thickness (outer layer of bone is thinner)
What pathology is this
Osteoarthritis
What pathology is this
Rheumatoid arthritis