RF A01

• Define Retrieval Failure

  -An explanation for forgetting based on the absence of cues. The memory is there (available) but just not accessible.
• According to what principle..

  -According to the encoding specificity principle, proposed by Tulving (1983), if a cue is not present at both encoding (learning) and retrieval (recall), forgetting is more likely to happen.
• Outline Context dependent forgetting

  -context is the general environment we were in when we learn info

  -If the context at retrieval is different from encoding, recall can be worse.
• Outline state dependent forgetting

  -These are internal cues such as mood or physiological state.

  -For example, if you learn something when you're tired but try to recall it when you're alert, forgetting may occur
• Outline some research for context dependent forgetting

  -Godden and Baddeley conducted research on deep sea divers

  -they were split into 4 groups and given the same list of words to learn
• Outline the groups

  -Group 1: learnt underwater and recalled underwater​

  -Group 2: Learnt underwater and recalled on shore​

  -Group 3: Learnt on shore and recalled on shore​

  -Group 4: Learnt on shore and recalled underwater
• What were the results

  -Group 1 and 3 had 40% higher recall than 2 and 4

  -supports as it shows recall is improved when done in same environment learned
• What is some research support for state dependent forgetting

  -Goodwin et al (1969) investigated this.

  -They recruited male volunteer participants.

  -They had to learn a list of words whilst sober or drunk. After 24 hours the ppts were then asked to recall the words again, whilst sober or drunk.
• What were the results

  -If you were sober at time of learning performance was better if sober at recall

  -if you were drunk at learning performance was better if drunk at recall