Science Mitosis and Organelles Quiz

• How to focus a microscope

  Make the lens the smallest power and use the coarse adjustment knob until seen, use fine adjustment knob if needed
• Magnification calculations

  • Ocular lens 10x

  Objective lens 4x, 10x, and 40x
• Levels of organization 

  1. Organelles tiny cellular structures that performs specific functions within a cell (i.e mitochondria)
  2. Cells the smallest unit of living things, each cell has many organelles inside it (i.e body cells)
  3. Tissues a group of cells with similar structure and function (i.e connective tissue)
  4. Organs a group of tissues that perform a specific function in an organism (i.e heart)
  5. Organ system a group of organs that function together to make an organ system (i.e the digestive system)

  • Organism multiple organ systems organize together to compose an organism (i.e dog)
• Cell Theory

  1. All living organisms have one or more cells
  2. Cells are the smallest unit of living things
  3. New cells come from pre-existing cells
• Eukaryotes

  • “Eu” rhymes with “do”
  • Contains a nucleus
  • Contains cell membrane / membrane bound organisms
  • Multicellular
• Procaryotes

  • “Pro” rhymes with “no”
  • Does not contain a nucleus
  • No cell membrane / membrane bound organisms
  • Unicellular
• plant cell

  • Contains cell wall
  • Contains chloroplasts 
  • Larger vacuole

  animal cell

  • Doesn’t have cell wall
  • Doesn’t have chloroplasts
  • Smaller vacuoles
• Cytoplasm: surrounding all other organelles

  • Jelly like fluid that is found inside the cell
  • Transports nutrients and waste throughout the cell

  Without cytoplasm: cell would die
• Cell Membrane: surrounds the entire cell

  • Semi-permeable bilayer
  • Made with a phospholipid bilayer (double layer of fat molecules with proteins)
  • Regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell

  Without cell membrane: no regulation of movement / molecules can come in and out anytime
• Nucleus: contains nuclear membrane, chromosomes, and the nucleolus

  • Controls all cell functions
  • Critical genetic information that supports all living processes

  Without nucleus: lose the ability for cell division and will be short lived
• Ribosome: little circles, usually on ER or nucleus

  • Makes proteins

  Without ribosomes: accumulate damage and unable to restore worn out / exhausted supply of proteins they require
• Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached to it

  • Carries material throughout the cell
  • Carries proteins

  Without rough ER: cannot carry out its regulatory functions, cannot create proteins that get to the Golgi Apparatus 
• Smooth ER: has no ribosomes attached to it 

  • Creates lipids (fats) that travel through pathways throughout the cell

  Without smooth ER: ribosomes wouldn’t be able to be produced
• Lysosomes: Sphere shaped sacs formed by the Golgi Apparatus

  • Contains enzymes that break down large molecules
  • White blood cells use lysosomes to destroy bacteria

  Without lysosomes: would stop functioning correctly, starve because they don’t have enzymes
• Golgi Apparatus: pile of membranous sacs

  • Stores, packages, and modifies proteins
  • Attaches to cell membrane and release contents to outside the cell

  Without golgi apparatus: no lysosomes, creates excess junk inside the cell
• Mitochondria: 2 membranes - Inner and outer membrane

  • Provides energy through cellular respiration
  • Powerhouse of the cell

  Without mitochondria: no energy is made, damage cells
• Vacuoles: plants have 1 large sac, animals have small more than 1 sacs

  • Storage sacs bound by membrane
  • Without vacuoles: cannot store waste and materials
• Cell wall: Firm, protective structure that gives cells its shape

  • FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY
  • Surrounding cell membrane and provides structural support

  Without cell wall: swell and burst
• Chloroplasts: closely stacked, flattened sacs

  • FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY
  • Contains chlorophyll (makes it green)
  • Traps energy from the sun to make glucose (i.e photosynthesis)
• Asexual Reproduction:

  • When a single-celled organism divides, it produces two new organisms with the exact same DNA as the original
• Cells need to reproduce

  • Growth: if cells did not reproduce, we would not grow

  Repair: if cells did not reproduce, then we wouldn't be able to heal from injuries
• Cells need to grow

  • As multicellular organisms grow, the numbers of cells increases as well
  • When cells reproduce, the parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells 

  Division leads to an increased amount of cells
• Cells need to repair

  Cell division allows organisms to repair injuries
• Parent cell: original cell

  Daughter cell: new cells that were created during mitosis

  Somatic: body cell
• DNA: genetic information required for development

  • The chromosomes are duplicated before cell division and remain attached to each other

  Chromatin: thin fibres of DNA

  • Not all DNA 

  Chromosome: DNA that is organized into condensed units

  Sister chromatids: duplicated chromosome
• Interphase

  • Occurs between the stages of Mitosis
  • Cells spend about 75% of their time in interphase
• G1

  • Rapid growth and size of cell organelles, regular cell function
  • Creates energy to complete replicating chromosomes
• S (synthesis of DNA)

  • DNA is replicated so that there is 2 copies of every chromosome
  • Remains as chromatin
• G2

  • Slow growth, preparing for division, replication of centrioles for mitosis
• Prophase

  • Chromatin condenses into visible duplicated chromosomes
  • Nucleus disappears, nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Centrioles more to the poles and produce spindle fibres
• Metaphase - MIDDLE

  • Spindle fibres connect to chromatids on each side
  • Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell
• Anaphase

  • Spindle fibres pull the centromeres apart
  • Sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the poles of the cell
•  Telophase 

  • Complete set of chromosomes at each pole
  • Spindle fibres go away
  • New nuclear membrane forms
  • 2 nuclei in one cell
• Cytokinesis

  • Animal cells
  • New cell membrane, pinching together at the centre
  • Plant cells
  • Cell plate forms and becomes new cell wall