CPHM

• Two types of data:

  • Primary Data: obtained first hand by the investigator for the study's purposes
  • Secondary Data: already existing data obtained by others for different purposes
• Data as Method:

  • Refers to orderly processes of data collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation
  • Includes tabulation of data, computation of rates and frequency distribution, and graphic presentation
• Sources of Data:

  • Census
  • Registries of vital events
  • Reports of notifiable diseases
  • Different records
  • Family Records
  • Laboratories, Pharmacies, Blood banking centers, and Private practitioners
  • Statistical publications
• Methods of Data Collection:

  • Documented sources
  • Sample Surveys
  • Census (De facto and De Jure)
  • Interview
  • Questionnaires
• Classification of Statistical Data:

  1. Demographic: population size, age, sex, geographic distribution, mortality, morbidity, growth rate

  2. Health Status: causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity

  3. Health Resources: number and distribution of health facilities, health manpower, health expenditures

  4. Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors: water supply, excreta disposal, school enrollment, food establishment, transports, food intake/habits
• Methods of Data Presentation:

  • Narrative or Textual Method
  • Tabular Presentation
  • Graphical Presentation
• Narrative or Textual Presentation of Data:

  • Provides detailed information in a narrative form
• Tabular Presentation:

  • Table Number
  • Title
  • Row Headings/Stubs
  • Column Headings
  • Body of the table
  • Footnote
• Graphical Presentation:

  • Graphs are simpler to read and understand
  • Different types of graphs include bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, frequency polygons, line diagrams, and scatterplots
• Demography:

  • Statistical study of human population
  • Involves analyzing population changes over time or space
• Census:

  • Direct method of collecting demographic data
  • Conducted by national governments to enumerate every person in a country
  • Provides demographic, economic, and social data about a population group
• Two methods of data collection:

  • Direct data from vital statistics registries
  • Indirect methods in countries with incomplete data
• Key Demographic Indicators:

  • Crude birth rate
  • General fertility rate
  • Age-specific fertility rates
  • Crude death rate
  • Infant mortality rate
  • Life expectancy
  • Total fertility rate
  • Replacement level fertility
  • Gross reproduction rate
  • Net reproduction ratio
  • Stable population
• Stable population:

  • Constant crude birth and death rates for a long time
  • Percentage of people in every age class remains constant
  • Population pyramid has an unchanging structure
• Stationary population:

  • Stable and unchanging in size
  • Difference between crude birth rate and crude death rate is zero
• Public workers and population size:

  • Public workers determine population size to make comparisons about population changes over time
  • Helps rationalize types of health programs or interventions for the community
• Populations can change through three processes:

  • Fertility
  • Mortality
  • Migration
• Fertility:

  • Involves the number of children women have
  • Contrasted with fecundity
• Mortality:

  • Study of causes, consequences, and measurement of processes affecting death in the population
• Migration:

  • Refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place across political boundaries
  • Migration researchers do not designate movements as migrations unless they are somewhat permanent
• Measuring population size:

  • Natural increase: difference between births and deaths in a specified period of time
  • Rate of Natural increase: difference between Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate in a specified period of time
• Population composition:

  • Described in terms of age and sex
  • Age and sex composition used to decide on health services and programs
• Sex composition:

  • Sex ratio compares the number of males to females in the population
• Age composition:

  • Median age divides the population into two equal parts
  • Dependency ratio compares economically dependent with economically productive groups in the population
• Age and Sex composition:

  • Described simultaneously using a population pyramid, a graphical presentation of age and sex composition
• Rates, Ratios, and Vital Statistics:

  • Introduction to Biostatistics in Public Health
• Rates and Ratios:

  • Ratio: quotient of two numbers
  • Rate: ratio involving a time period
• Incidence Rate:

  • Measures frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon during a given period of time
  • Deals only with new cases
• Prevalence Rate:

  • Measures proportion of the population exhibiting a particular disease at a particular time
  • Deals with total number of cases, old and new
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR):

  • Rough measure of the fertility of the population
  • Only live births are counted
• Crude Death Rate (CDR):

  • Measure of the risk of dying from all causes in a population
• Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR):

  • Measures the risk of dying due to pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

  • Measures the risk of dying in infancy (under 1 year of age)
• Neonatal Mortality Rate:

  • Measures the risk of dying in the first four weeks of life of the infant
• Fetal Death Rate:

  • Measures the risk of dying before birth
• Peri-Natal Mortality Rate:

  • Measures the loss of life in later pregnancy and early infancy
• Fertility Rates:

  • Crude Birth rate = number of live births / Mid-year Population
  • General Fertility Rate = Number of live births x 1000 / Midyear population of women 15-44 years of age x 1000
• Mortality Rate:

  • Crude Death rate = number of death / Mid-year Population
  • Specific Mortality rate = number of death in a specified group / Midyear population of the same specified group x 1000
• Morbidity Rates:

  • Incidence Rate = number of new cases of disease developing over a period of time / Population at risk of developing the disease
  • Prevalence Rate = number of old and new cases of a disease / Population examined x 100