Psychology - personality

• Characteristics of self-actualizers:


  ·       Accept themselves and others for what they are.

  ·       Concerned for the welfare of humanity.

  ·       Highly creative

  ·       Capable of deep appreciation of basic life experience

  ·       Problem-centred (not self-centred)

  ·       Able to look at life objectively.
• Humanistic Theories: 


  focuses on each individual's potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.
• Humanist's goal:

  The goal for humanist is to develop/promote a positive self-concept and self-awareness
• Type Theory:


  Refers to the categorisation of individuals into distinct personality type based on their behaviour patterns, attitudes, and characteristics.
• Who created Type Theory?

  Meyer Friedman and Ray Roseman were cardiologists that developed Type A and Type B personality theory in the 1950s, initially focusing on the relationships between personality and coronary heart disease.
• Type A health implications:

  Type A's have a higher risk for coronary heart disease due to their chronic stress and aggressive behaviours.
• Type A's connection to heart disease:

  Meyer Freidman linked Type A behaviour to increased risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems.
• Type B characteristics:

  • Relaxed
  • Patient
  • Non-competitive
  • Lower stress levels
• Type B coping mechanisms:


  Tend to employ healthier coping mechanisms, such as relaxation techniques and seeking social support, when faced with stressors.
• Type B health implications:

  Type B individuals has a reduced risk of developing coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular problems.
• Studies supporting benefits of type B behaviours:

  Research has shown that people with Type B personality have better cardiovascular health outcomes compared to their Type A counterpart.
• Type theory workplace implications:


  Understanding type A and B personalities can inform management strategies and team dynamics.
• Type Theory stress management strategies:


  Modifying stress management interventions to individuals’ personality types can improve effectiveness.
• Type Theory health interventions:


  Encouraging type A individuals to adopt healthier coping mechanisms and stress-reduction techniques may help reduce their risk of heart disease.
• Maslow:


  Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people. He believed that people possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires. He created the self-actualization hierarchy of human needs.
• Self-actualization:


  Is living up to one unique potential. Maslow described this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that they can be. Only about 5% of population reach this.
• Type A characteristics:

  • Competitive – driven to outperform others
  • Time conscious – values efficiency and dislikes wasting time
  • Ambitious – set high goals and work relentlessly to achieve them
  • Impatient – easily irritated by delays or inefficiencies
  • Stress prone behaviours
  • Hostility – quick to anger and frustration
  • Time urgency – feels constantly rushed
  • Perfectionism – set excessively high standards for themselves
• Maslow's hierarchy:

  A) Self-actualization

  B) self-esteem

  C) love and belonging

  D) safety and security

  E) psychological needs

  
• Self-actualization hierarchy:

  1. Physiological – breathing, food, water, shelter, clothing, sleep

  2. Safety and security – health, employment, property, family, and social stability

  3. Love and belonging – friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection.

  4. Self-esteem – confidence, achievement, respect of others

  5. Self-actualization – morality, creativity, spontaneity, acceptance
• Type B personality:


  Generally taking a much more carefree approach and wider philosophical view of themselves, and other traits which make them less stressed.
• Type A personality:

  a pattern of behaviour and personality associated with high achievement, competitiveness, and impatience, among other characteristics.