unit 1 test

• Number of protons is the atomic number
• Atomic mass is the mass of protons and neutrons, added.
• An isotope is when an element has a different number of neutrons
• Hydrogen atoms have one proton and no neutrons.
• An element is a product that cannot be broken down.
• Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another
• Valence electrons are electrons on the outermost energy level of the different elements
• Molecule is a group of atoms that are bonded together by covalent bonds.
• Ions are atoms that have gained or lost 1 or more electrons
• Ionic bonds are bonds from elements that have gained or lost 1 or more electrons
• Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms in a chemical reaction.
• Non-polar covalent bonds share a pair of electrons
• Polar covalent bonds unequally share a pair of electrons between them
• Hydrogen bonds are weak chemical associations between a partially negative oxygen atom and a partially positive hydrogen atom
• A mole is the weight of a substance in grams that corresponds to the atomic masses of all the atoms
• Low concentration of OH- has a high concentration of H+
• High concentration of OH- has a low concentration of H+
• Energy level is the circle that an electron orbits on
• Polymers are carbohydrate, protein, and nucleic acids
• Monomers make up polymers
• Polymers are created by dehydration.
• Hydrolysis breaks down polymers back into monomers
• Isomers are molecules with the same molecule formula number but different formation.
• Structural have different carbon skeleton but the same number and type of atoms
• Stereoisomers have the same carbon skeleton, but different arrangements of atoms in space
• Erantiometers are mirror images
• Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates
• Disaccharides are linked together by dehydration.
• Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by dehydration
• Glycosidic linkage is a bond between two monosaccsarides.
• Proteins are the most diverse group of biological macromolecule, chemically and physically.
• The shape of a protein determines its function
• Proteins start as animo acids then become a polypeptide
• A peptide is a bond between two amino acids
• Amino acids have two functional groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group.
• If a polypeptide can fold into a structure with some function, it is a protein
• Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids.
• Secondary structure is when the polypeptide bonds turn into hydrogen bonds between the amino acids
• Tertiary structure is when it folds and interacts with the R groups and then create a 3D shape.
• Quaternary structure is the formation of multiple tertiary's (two or more polypeptide chains) that form a complex structure