Cell organelles - Structure & Function

• The Golgi apparatus is involved in the modification, sorting, packaging, and transport of proteins.
• The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is primarily involved in lipid synthesis
• The rough ER has ribosomes attached to its surface and plays an important role in protein synthesis and transport.
• Mitochondria are double-membraned structures that generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells and contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
• Vacuoles are large storage compartments within the cell that can be filled with water or other materials.
• Label this mitochondrion

  A) Inner membrane

  B) Outer membrane

  C) Matrix

  D) Cristae

  
• Label this chloroplast

  A) Outer membrane

  B) Inner membrane

  C) Thylakoid

  D) intermembrane space

  E) granum

  F) stroma

  G) stroma lamellae

  
• What are grana joined by?


  Lamallae
• In a chloroplast, what is each individual membrane in a stack called?


  Thylakoid
• What is stroma in a chloroplast?


  A fluid that fills up any empty spaces in the chloroplast
• What do chloroplasts contain?


  Chlorophyll
• What are ribosomes?


  Cellular organelles responsible for constructing proteins from amino acids
• Are there ribosomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?


  Yes
• Do ribosomes have a membrane?


  No
• Where are ribosomes found?


  Either on the endoplasmic reticulum or floating in the cytosol
• What are vesicles?

  Small membrane-bound sacs that transport and store substances within cells.
• Label the following electron micrographs

  A) Rough ER

  B) Smooth ER

  
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?


  Flattened stacks of membrane called cisternae
• What does the Golgi apparatus do to transport materials?


  Packages materials to be secreted into vesticles
• What do vesicles do with the plasma membrane?


  They fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside of the cell through a process called exocytosis
• What is happening in this electron micrograph?

  The Golgi apparatus is budding off transport vesicles

  
• Do animal cells have vacuoles?


  Yes, but they are usually small and temporary
• What are vacuoles in plants usually like?


  They are large, permanent and there is usually one of them
• What do lysosomes do?


  They contain digestive enzymes and break down & recycle old organelles brought into the cell. This makes it so the materials can be reused.
• What are lysosomes often called?


  The recyclers of the cell
• What are plastids?


  Organelles found in plants that are responsible for containing & synthesizing coloured pigments
• What are chromoplasts?


  They store pigments and give flowers and plants their colours
• What does the plasma membrane do?


  It gives the cell shape and protection, but mainly regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
• Where is the golgi apparatus found?


  In the cytoplasm associated with smooth ER
• What is the nucleus of a cell?


  The nucleus contains the cell's DNA
• What are centrioles?


  Cell organelles involved in cell division.
• What is the function of a cell wall


  It supports the cell and limits it's volume
• What is the cell theory?


  The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
• What is a prokaryote?


  A prokaryote is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• What is a eukaryote?


  Organism with cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?


  Prokaryote: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles. pro-no Eukaryote: has a nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles. eu-do
• What do lipids do?


  Store energy, provide insulation, and serve as structural components of cell membranes.
• What do proteins do?


  Proteins perform various functions in the body, including structural support, enzymatic reactions, and cell signaling.
• What do nucleic acids do?


  Store and transmit genetic information.