My own geo pack

• DTM - 4 stages

  1. expansive, concave Sides, high birth rate, high death rate, short life expectancy, rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death range
  2. expansive, straight sides, still high birth rate, falling death rate, slightly longer life expectancy, fall in death range so more people living into middle age
  3. stationary, convex sides, declining birth rate, low death rate, long life expectancy, an increasing proportion of the population is 65+
  4. contractive, convex side, very low birth rate, low death rate, longer life expectancy, higher dependency ratio
• Japan’s changing population structure

  • fertility rates have decreased overtime
  • increased life expectancy
  • increased dependency ratio as number of old dependents increase and economically active decrease due to decreased fertility rates
  • infant mortality is low and decreasing
  • decrease in economically active
  • decrease in death rates
  • stage 3 - 4 - 5
  • Has the largest proportion of people who are above 100 (supercentenarian)
• What’s stage 5?

  Predict decrease population due to decrease in birth rate
• What’s stage 3?

  Population continue to increase due to better healthcare despite decrease in birth rate
• What’s stage 4?

  Plateau (reach level and stay there, no rise/fall) of population due to stability of birth rate and death rate
• Stage 1

  High birth death rate low population
• Stage 2

  Increase population due to reduction to death rate
• Population and Area:

  • The current metro area population of Shanghai in 2024 is 29,868,000, a 2.25% increase from 2023
  • The municipality of Shanghai covers an area of 6,341 km²
• Population Growth:

  • Between 2000 and 2010, Shanghai had a growth rate of 3.8% per annum
  • Between 2010 and 2014, the growth rate dropped to 0.5%
  • Between 2014 and 2018, there was a slight decrease of 0.02% per year
• Tourist Attractions:

  • Shanghai is home to high-profile shopping malls, a Formula 1 circuit, a snow dome, and a large Disneyland
  • The World Expo was hosted in Shanghai in 2010 and attracted 65 million visitors
• • Less than 60% of wastewater, stormwater, and sewage flows are intercepted, treated, and disposed of in Shanghai
  • The existing landfill for municipal solid waste disposal is near capacity, and the construction boom generates 30,000 tonnes of building waste per day
  • Shanghai faces the environmental hazard of flooding due to its low elevation
  • The combination of monsoons, tropical cyclones, and rising sea levels increases the risk of flooding
  • Experts predict that the sea level will rise 20-60 cm by 2050
• Challenges and Issues:

  • Shanghai has over 3 million registered vehicles, leading to congestion and pollution
  • Poor road designs contribute to traffic congestion, and car accidents result in approximately 260,000 deaths per year
  • Shanghai has the highest cancer mortality rate in China, partly due to air pollution caused by increasing traffic and the dominance of coal as a source of fuel
  • Industry in Shanghai creates over 70% of total CO2 emissions, and transportation contributes about 9%
  • Water quality in the Huangpu River has diminished due to untreated human waste entering the river
• • The increase in weight from high-rise buildings and over-pumping of groundwater has led to land sinking in Shanghai
  • Housing shortages and overcrowding have resulted in almost 50% of the population living on less than 5% of the city's total land area
  • Rising affluence and globalization have led to transport issues, with a low-capacity road system struggling to cope with the increasing number of bicycles and cars
• Shanghai invested 3% of its GDP in environmental protection projects in 2002
• One project involved cleaning up the Suzhou Creek with a $200 million loan from the World Bank
• Shanghai constructed hundreds of kilometers of protective sea walls along its coastline (approx boundaries) to prevent flooding
• Over 520km of Shanghai's shorelines (precise boundaries) are lined with sea walls
• Shanghai developed satellite cities or towns adjacent to the main city to reduce pressure on city centers
• Satellite towns are equipped with supporting facilities like schools, hospitals, and cultural centers to encourage people to move out of the city center
• Shanghai aims to implement a high-speed railway system for efficient transportation and to reduce reliance on cars
• The high-speed railway system can handle a high volume of freight, runs at high speed, and has low pollution levels
• The Chinese government plans to remove up to 6 million vehicles that do not meet emission standards from the roads
• This initiative aims to reduce air pollution and meet green targets by reducing energy consumption and emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
• China has implemented sustainable development strategies, improved legal and administrative systems, and focused on preventing and controlling industrial pollution and improving the urban environment
• The average PM2.5 concentration in China fell by only 4.5% nationwide in 2017, indicating the need for further efforts
• Causes of Nigeria's youthful population:

  • High fertility rates: Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates in the world, with an average of 5.4 children per woman
  • Cultural norms: Traditional beliefs and practices often encourage large families, leading to a higher birth rate
  • Lack of access to family planning: Limited access to contraception and family planning services contribute to higher birth rates
  • High youth unemployment: Limited job opportunities for young people lead to delayed marriage and higher birth rates
• Costs and benefits of Nigeria's population:

  Costs:

  • Strain on resources: A large youthful population can strain resources such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure
  • High dependency ratio: A high proportion of young people can lead to a high dependency ratio, where the working-age population has to support a larger number of dependents
  • Youth unemployment: High youth unemployment rates can lead to social unrest and economic instability

  Benefits:
• • Demographic dividend: A youthful population can provide a demographic dividend if the country invests in education, skills training, and job creation for young people
  • Innovation and entrepreneurship: A youthful population can drive innovation and entrepreneurship, leading to economic growth and development
  • Potential for a large workforce: A large youthful population can provide a significant labor force that can contribute to economic growth
• • Address youth unemployment: Implementing policies to address youth unemployment, such as job creation programs and skills development initiatives, can help reduce social unrest and improve economic stability
  • Strengthen healthcare and social services: Improving healthcare and social services can help meet the needs of a growing youthful population and ensure their well-being
• Managing Nigeria's population:

  • Improve access to family planning: Increasing access to family planning services and education can help reduce fertility rates and manage population growth
  • Invest in education and skills training: Investing in education and skills training for young people can help them secure better job opportunities and contribute to economic growth
  • Promote youth entrepreneurship: Creating opportunities for youth entrepreneurship can help harness the potential of the youthful population and drive economic development