PARASITOLOGY

• Parasitology


  deals with organism that live temporarily or permanently
• Types of Parasites: Obligate


  permanent residence, dependent on a host, perpetuation of the species
• Types of Parasite: Facultative


  free-living - completion life cycle, parasitic existence
• Types of Parasite: Temporary


  free-living, only a part of its existence
• Types of Parasites: Permanent 


  lives in or a host, early life to maturity
• Types of Parasites: Ectoparasites


  fleas, lice, mites (infestation)
•  Types of Parasites: Endoparasites 


  helminths and protozoan (infection)
• Types of Parasites: Monoxenous


  single host (entire life cycle)
• Types of Parasites: Heteroxenous 


  more than one host (entire life cycle)
• Types of Parasites: Monoecious 


  hermaphroditic, complete functional set of sex organ (e.g flukes, cestodes)
• Types of Parasites: Dioecious


  sexes are separate (e.g nematodes)
• Classification of Parasites: Protozoans


  Phylum Sarcomastigophora, phylum ciliophora, phylum apicomplexa
• Classification of Parasites: Metazoans 


  nematodes, cestodes, flukes, arthropods
• Types of Hosts: Definitive


  adult or sexually mature parasite
• Types of Hosts: Intermediate 


  asexual or larval forms
• Types of Hosts: Reservoir 


  same adult stage as the human host, source of transmission
• Types of Hosts: Paratenic


  arrested stage of development
• Man as Host: Intermediate Host


  taenia solium larva, plasmodium
• Man as Host: Definitive Host 


  flukes, cestodes
• Man as Host: Incidental Host 


  trichinella spiralis
• Host-Parasite Relationship: Parasitism 


  obtain its energy or sustenance from the latter (host), effects from no demonstration to severe pathology and death
• Host-Parasite Relationship: Symbiosis


  close association between two organism, one can not exist independently
• Host-Parasite Relationship: Mutualism


  beneficial to both the parasite and host, one can survive without the other
• Host-Parasite Relationship: Commensalism


  parasite benefit from the association while the host is unaffected
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: Soil-transmitted group 


  development in the soil, soil polluted with human excreta (e.g ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, hookworms
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: Snail-transmitted group


  development within the body of snail (e.g flukes/trematodes)
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: Arthropod-transmitted group 


  insects as vectors of parasitic diseases

  • Biological Vector - essential in the life cycle

  • Mechanical/ Phoretic Vector - not essential in he life cycle
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: Animal/ Food transmitted group


  development in the flesh
• Animal/ Food transmitted group: Raw Pork

  Trichinella Spiralis and Taenia Solium
• Animal/ Food transmitted group: Raw Beef

  Taenia Saginata
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: Contact-transmitted group


  no further development, readily infective (e.g enterobius vermicularis, trichomonas vaginalis)
• Sources of Exposure to Infection: One's Self (Autoinfection) 


  own source of re-exposure (e.g enterobius vermicularis, strongyloides stercoralis)