ANAPHY

• Chemical Level

  At the most basic level, the human body is

  composed of atoms and molecules. These

  include elements such as carbon,

  hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and various

  minerals.
• Cellular Level

  Cells are the basic structural and functional

  units of living organisms. They vary in size,

  shape, and function depending on their

  specialized roles. Examples include muscle

  cells and nerve cells.
• Tissue Level

  are groups of similar cells working together

  to perform a specific function.
• There are four

  primary types of tissues in the human body:

  Epithelial tissue

  Connective tissue

  Muscle tissue

  Nervous tissue
• Organ Level

  are composed of different types

  of tissues and perform specific functions.

  Examples include the heart, lungs, brain,

  liver, and kidneys.
• Organ System Level

  are groups of organs that

  work together to perform a coordinated set

  of functions that maintain homeostasis and

  sustain the organism. There are several

  major organ systems in the human body.
• Circulatory system:

  • Responsible for the transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body
• Respiratory system:

  • Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment
• Nervous system:

  • Coordinates and controls body activities through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters
• Digestive system:

  • Breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized by the body
• Muscular system:

  • Enables movement and maintains posture
• Skeletal system:

  • Provides structural support and protection for organs
  • Produces blood cells and stores minerals
• Endocrine system:

  • Regulates body functions through the secretion of hormones
• Immune system:

  • Defends the body against pathogens and foreign invaders
• Reproductive system:

  • Responsible for the production of offspring
• Organism Level

  The entire human body, with all its organ

  systems working together, constitutes an

  organism capable of carrying out complex

  functions, adapting to the environment, and

  maintaining homeostasis.
• ORGANIZATION Living organisms are composed of one or more

  cells, which are the basic structural and functional

  units of life. Cells carry out the processes necessary

  for life, such as metabolism, growth, and

  reproduction.
• METABOLISM Living organisms exhibit metabolism, which refers

  to the chemical processes that occur within cells to

  maintain life. Metabolism includes the conversion

  of nutrients into energy (catabolism) and the

  synthesis of biomolecules (anabolism).
• RESPONSIVENESS Living organisms respond to stimuli from their

  environment or internal changes. Responses can

  be behavioral, such as moving away from danger,

  or physiological, such as increasing heart rate in

  response to exercise.
• GROWTH Living organisms grow and develop by increasing

  in size or complexity over time. Growth involves an

  increase in the number and/or size of cells and

  tissues, as well as the acquisition of new

  structures and functions.
• DEVELOPMENT Includes the changes an organism undergoes

  through time.

  It begins with fertilization and ends at death.

  Development usually involves growth, but it also

  involved differentiation.
• REPRODUCTION Living organisms reproduce to produce offspring,

  ensuring the continuation of their species.

  Reproduction can occur through sexual or asexual

  means and involves the passing on of genetic

  material to the next generation.
• HOMEOSTASIS is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal

  environment despite external changes. It is crucial for the proper

  functioning and survival of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

  within an organism. Homeostasis involves the regulation of various

  physiological variables, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure,

  blood sugar levels, and hormone levels, within narrow ranges that

  are optimal for cellular function.
• Negative feedback is a regulatory

  mechanism used by living organisms to

  maintain homeostasis, ensuring that

  internal conditions remain relatively stable

  within a narrow range despite external

  fluctuations. In negative feedback, the

  output of a process counteracts any

  deviation from a set point, thus minimizing

  changes and maintaining equilibrium.
• POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM Occur when the initial stimulus

  further stimulates the

  response.

  The deviation from the set

  point is greater.

  This type of response is

  required to re-achieve

  homeostasis.