Bacterial morphology

• Envelope protects the bacteria from harsh environmental conditions
• Glycocalyx is the outermost covering of some bacteria
• Capsule is strongly attached to the cell wall
• Slime layer is loosely attached to the cell wall
• Peptidoglycan/murein/mucopeptide is the principal component of the bacterial cell wall
• Murein sacculus is also called the bacterial cell wall
• Cytoplasmic membrane, or Mesosomes, is the functional analogue of the mitochondria
• Nucleoid's genetic material is packed in a structure called?
• Granules or Inclusion bodies are for the storage of food and energy
• Lipopolysaccharide is a cell wall component found only in gram-NEGATIVE bacteria
• Outer membrane is a structure found in gram-NEGATIVE bacteria responsible for its endotoxin activity
• Porins are special protein channels that allow the passage of small or low-molecular-weight hydrophilic substances such as sugars and amino acids
• Lipid A is the complex glycolipid in LPS
• Teichoic Acid is a cell wall component found only in gram-POSITIVE bacteria
• The reason why the cell wall of acid-fast organisms is hydrophobic is to protect them from harsh chemicals such as strong acids and detergent
• Mycolic acid is the large amounts of waxes that acid-fast organisms are composed of
• Flagellin is the thread-like structures made up entirely of molecules
• Monotrichous means a single polar flagellum
• Lophotrichous means a tuft of flagella
• Amphitrichous means flagella at both ends of the bacterium
• Peritrichous means flagella all around the bacterium
• Atrichous means bacteria with no flagella
• Axial Filaments are composed of a bundle of fibrils
• Cytoplasmic Membrane is a selectively permeable membrane
• Aerobic organisms use the cytoplasmic membrane as the site of the electron transport chain
• Cytoplasmic membrane contains enzymes needed for the biosynthesis of DNA
• Sporulation is the process of spore production
• Germination is the process where endospores revert to their vegetative state
• Microbial Growth is the increase in the number of cells
• Growth is the increase in the sum of all components of the organisms
• Bacterial Colony is composed of thousands of cells
• Carbon makes up the structural backbone or skeleton of all organic molecules
• Autotrophs are microorganisms that utilize inorganic compounds as their sole carbon source
• Heterotrophs are microorganisms that make use of organic substances such as glucose as their carbon source
• Nitrogen and Sulfur are required for the synthesis of proteins
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and ATP
• Inorganic ions serve as a cofactor in the activity of many enzymes
• Cytochrome is a component of the electron transport chain that functions as a cofactor for enzymatic events
• Water serves as the medium from which bacteria acquire their nutrients
• Oxygen is used for cellular respiration and serves as the final electron acceptor