Life processes

• Autotrophic Nutrition involves the synthesis of food by photosynthesis, where leaves are the sites for food synthesis and chlorophyll traps solar energy to prepare food from CO2 and water

  
• Green plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through tiny pores called stomata, present on the surface of leaves
• Water and minerals are absorbed from the soil and transported to leaves via vessel-like structures in roots
• Carbohydrates such as starch and oxygen are the products of photosynthesis
• Heterotrophic Nutrition involves deriving energy from plants and animal sources, with herbivores directly consuming plants and carnivores eating herbivores
• Omnivores feed on both plants and animals, while decomposers obtain nutrients by breaking down remains of dead plants and animals
• The human digestive system consists of the long alimentary canal, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, along with accessory organs like the pancreas and liver
• Chlorophyll traps solar energy to prepare food from CO2 and water, converting solar energy into chemical energy
• The presence of starch in leaves indicates the occurrence of photosynthesis
• Nutrition in humans involves the mouth, teeth, salivary glands, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine for digestion and absorption of nutrients
• The small intestine is where complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats takes place, with villi increasing the surface area for efficient food absorption
• The liver secretes bile juice stored in the gall bladder, aiding in the digestion of fats, while the pancreas contains enzymes for the complete digestion of all food components
• Enzymes in the small intestine like amylase, lipase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, and peptidase break down various food components into simpler substances for absorption and assimilation
• The chemical equation for photosynthesis is not provided

  
• The iodine test for starch in plants involves adding iodine to a leaf, which turns blue-black in the presence of starch

  
• The human respiratory system includes organs like the lungs, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
• The respiratory system works to get oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide, with the main organs being the lungs, alveoli, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi

  
• Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide, involving the consumption of oxygen and liberation of carbon dioxide and water
• Two types of respiration are aerobic (with oxygen, yielding 38 ATP) and anaerobic (without oxygen, yielding 2 ATP)
• In humans, the circulatory system transports nutrients and collects waste materials for disposal, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
• The excretory system in humans includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, responsible for removing harmful waste products produced in the cells
• Dialysis is the process of removing wastes using an artificial kidney
• Plants excrete waste materials through techniques like transpiration, stomata, and storage in old xylem tissues or leaves that fall