Mental health section one

• What are the 4 historical views of mental health

  1. supernatural
  2. Greek
  3. psychogenic
  4. somatogenix
• Explain the super natural theory of mental health

  Abnormal behaviour is attributed to witchcraft, possession or karma for a wrong doing. Treatment includes trefining saying prayers and exorcism
• Explain the humoral theory - Greek for mental health

  Hippocrates suggested mental illness comes from the balance of 4 bodily fluids. Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. An excess of black bile can lead to depression. Treatment includes blood letting and laxatives
• Explain the psychogenic approach to mental health

  Focus shifted towards psychological factors. Freud suggested that mental illness was the result of unconscious processes. treatment includes psychoanalysis.
• What is psychoanalysis

  Study of the unconscious mind. Dream analysis. Free association and hypnotherapy
• What is the somatogenic approach

  Mental illness can be explained in terms of abnormal brain structure or neurotranmitters. treatment includes ECT or drugs
• What are the three ways of defining abnormality

  Statistical infrequency- deviation of social norms - failure to function adequately
• What is statistical infrequency

  Behaviour is normally distributed, those with behaviour that deviates from the mean are seen as abnormal.
• What is deviation from social norms

  Accepted rules that society follows. when people don’t follow these rules they are deemed as abnormal. An example being antisocial personality disorder. impulsive and aggressive
• what is failure to function adequately

  Failure to experience a normal range of emotions. unable to cope with life.
• What did Rosenhan and seligman say about failure to function adequately

  The concept of dysfunction could include personal distress, maladaptive behaviour and irrational behaviour
• How do we categorise mental health

  DSM-5
• When was the DSM first created

  After WW2 for soldiers experiencing PTSD.
• What are the three sections of the DSM

  Section one - process of revising the dsm and how to use it

  section two - includes 20 categories listed in lifespan order with a scale of severity

  section three - disorders that aren’t fully researched yet.
• What is meant by validity of diagnosis

  Psychiatrists can get the diagnosis wrong making it invalid
• What is one threat towards validity of diagnosis

  Symptom overlap
• What is meant by reliability of diagnosis

  Extent to which psychiatrists can agree on the diagnosis
• What is one threat to the reliability of a diagnosis

  Cultural differences - most psychiatrists are white and male so stereo typing could occur
• What is research evidence for cultural differences in diagnosis

  Copeland gave 134 US and 194 UK psychiatrists a description of a patient. 69% of US gave schizophrenia but only 2% of UK did
• What is a consequence of labelling

  Stigma
• What was the aim of rosenhans first study

  To investigate whether a group of sane people pretending to have a disorder will receive a diagnosis
• What was the sample of R study 1

  Genuine staff and patients at 12 hospitals in 5 states. He also had 8 people use pseudonames to pretend to be insane
• Outline the procedure of study 1

  The 8 pseudopatients called and booked appointment where they claimed they could hear the words ‘thud empty and hollow’ when admitted they claimed they didn’t have symptoms anymore. Used a covert observation to gather info on what it’s like to be a patient. self report method was used when they asked a member of staff one question
• What were three findings of rosenhan study one

  All participants were admitted and remained for 7-52 days.

  7/8 were diagnosed as schizophrenic and were given schizophrenia in remission on exit. 2100 pills were given showing they weren’t suspected
• What was the aim of study 2

  To see if psychiatrists would be under cautious after hearing about study one
• What was the sample of study 2

  Staff in one psychiatric hospital were told about study one
• What was the procedure of study 2

  Staff were informed about study 2 and that in the next 3 months at least three pseudopatients would try get admitted. this was a lie. All staff were asked to use a rating scale 1-10. 1 is the high confidence they are a fake
• Findings of study 2

  over 3 months 193 were admitted

  41 were thought to be a fake
• What was aim of study 3

  To see if staff behaved differently towards patients and uni students
• Procedure of study 3

  Pseudo patients approached a member of staff and asked “when will I next be presented”. fake students asked a member of staff for directions
• Findings of study 3

  All students received an answer

  45% of patients received an answer
• Conclusions of rosenhan

  All but one were given schizophrenia suggesting it was reliable

  rosenhan considered the results of his study terrifying
• What is an example of an affective disorder

  Major depression
• What are the characteristics of an affective disorder

  Mood disorders that affect emotion. to be diagnosed with major depression 7 or more symptoms need to be present for at least two weeks. Low mood, loss of interest and changes in appetite
• What are the characteristics of an anxiety disorder

  (Phobias) give feelings of fear. Increased heart rate of stomach issues. symptoms need to be present for 6 months
• Give characteristics of a psychotic disorder

  (Schizophrenia) leads to positive and negative symptoms. Hallucinations and avolition. Must be present for at least a month