Circulatory System Study Guide

• Capillaries have thin walls to facilitate the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the body's tissues.
• Plasma


  Liquid part of blood
• Albumin


  The most abundant plasma protein
• Erythrocytes


  red blood cells; biconcave disc cells with no nucleus suspended in the plasma
• Hemoglobin


  Red blood cells contains an iron containing molecule (hemoglobin) which link Oxygen molecules in the lungs and transports them to the cells of the body
• Leukocytes


  White blood cells; they are a key component of the body's defense against disease (the Immune System)
• Neutrophils


  (40-70% of WBC's), active phagocytes (engulf foreign material)
• Lymphocytes


  (20-45% of WBC's), B - cells and T - Cells, part of immune system
• Diapedesis


  WBC's can slip in and out of blood vessels
• Platelets


  fragments of cells that look like irregular shapes in the blood
• Hematopoiesis


  (blood cell formation) takes place in red bone marrow found in the medullary cavity of the bones
• Hemostasis


  It is the quick response to injury to the blood vessels containing the blood
• Hemophilia


  Hereditary bleeding disorders where the plasma and platelets are not able to control the bleeding
• Antigen


  substances that the immune cells recognize as foreign
• Antibodies


  Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen and destroys it
• Rh blood groups

  Classified blood type as + or - based on the presence or absence of an RBC surface protein
• Blood types and who can receive each type

  It is base on two antigens A and B and the absence of both called O,

  
  

  If a person is O they have Antibodies to A and B - and can receive only O blood,

  
  

  If a person has A antigens they have antibodies for B - and can only receive A blood or O blood

  
  

  If a person has B antigens they have antibodies for A - and can only receive B blood or O blood

  
  

  If a person has A and B antigens they have no antibodies for either - and can receive all types of blood
• Pericardium


  The heart is enclosed by a double walled sac called the pericardium
• Myocardium


  The bulk of the heart is made up of myocardium cardiac muscle tissue arranged in thick walls
• Atria


  The human heart consist of two atria and two ventricles - a four chambered heart
• Ventricle


  Bottom portion of the heart, thicker walled and larger
• Parts of the heart

  right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

  
• Pathway of blood through the heart

  Blood returns from the body to the heart via the vena cava

  Pumped from Right atrium to the Right Ventricle

  Goes through the Tricuspid valve

  Pumped from Right ventricle to the Lungs via pulmonary arteries

  Pick up Oxygen in Lungs

  Pump back to the heart via Pulmonary veins into the Left Atrium

  Left Atrium pumps into the left ventricle goes through the mitral valve

  Left Ventricle pumps to the body leaving the heart by the Aorta

  
• pulmonary circuit

  Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lung to pick up oxygen and give off Carbon dioxide
• Systemic circuit


  Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body's cells
• Sinoatrial Node


  It depolarizes first and spreads the depolarization signal to the rest of the heart making the rest depolarize and contract (pacemaker)
• Heart Attack


  A blockage in CORONARY ARTERIES causes a "heart attack"
• Arteries


  carry blood away from the heart
• Arterioles


  small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
• Capillaries


  any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
• Venules


  small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
• Veins


  Veins return blood to the heart draining into the largest veins the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
• varicose veins

  Varicose veins occur when blood pools in the veins
• Atherosclerosis (Arteriosclerosis)


  deposits of fatty materials such as cholesterol form a "plaque" in the arteries which reduces blood flow.
• Aneurysm


  An aneurysm or aneurism is a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel
• Blood Pressure

  Systolic number refers to the pressure when the heart is pumping/ Diastolic is the pressure when the heart is at rest.
• Hypertension


  high blood pressure, the force within the arteries is too high. A sphygmomanometer can be used to diagnose hypertension
• Stroke

  Hemorrhagic Stroke - blood vessel breaks or leaks

  Ischemic Stroke - Blood vessel is blocked
• major arteries

  Aorta - first artery off the heart

  Aortic Arch

  Carotid Artery

  Axillary Artery

  Brachial Artery

  Femoral Artery

  Iliac Artery

  Renal Artery

  
• major veins

  Superior Vena Cava

  Inferior Vena Cava

  Jugular Veins

  Axillary Vein

  Brachial Vein

  Femoral Vein

  Great saphenous Vein

  Renal Vein